Red mud management and valorization: pathways toward sustainable and circular utilization

Abstract

Red mud is a substantial solid waste produced by the alumina industry, with an annual global output of more than 100 million tons, while its comprehensive utilization rate is still less than 15%. The environmental pollution caused by its extensive stockpiling has become a major issue restricting the sustainable development of the industry. This paper summarizes recent research findings on red mud recycling both domestically and internationally, and based on the development status of recycling technology, proposes three collaborative approaches for red mud treatment: source reduction through production process optimization, resource recovery of valuable components, and large-scale utilization for extensive consumption. The analysis suggests that future improvements in recovery efficiency and expansion of recovery scale for red mud will require innovations in production processes to reduce output, enhancing resource utilization efficiency through multi-element collaborative recovery, and relying on large-scale utilization to improve harmless treatment levels. These measures aim to transform red mud from “red solid waste” into a “green resource,” thereby supporting the high-quality development of the aluminum industry.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Red mud / Resource utilization / Comprehensive utilization / Harmless treatment / Research status / Technical system

Highlight

	● Open the discussion in terms of resource utilization and environmental protection.
	● The comprehensive utilization system of red mud is introduced.
	● The comprehensive utilization system is divided into three collaborative paths.

References

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