Characteristics and removal mechanism of the precursors of N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide in a drinking water treatment process at Taihu Lake

Highlights

• N-Cl-DCAM, an emerging N-DBP in drinking water was investigated.

• A new BAC has a better removal efficiency for N-Cl-DCAM precursors than an old BAC.

• N-Cl-DCAM precursors are more of low molecular weight and non-polar.

• Adsorption of GAC plays a major role in removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors by an O₃-BAC.

Abstract

N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide (N-Cl-DCAM) is an emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP) which can occur in drinking water. In this study, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to validate the concentration of N-Cl-DCAM, which was found to be 1.5 mg/L in the effluent of a waterworks receiving raw water from Taihu Lake, China. The changes of N-Cl-DCAM formation potential (N-Cl-DCAMFP) in the drinking water treatment process and the removal efficiency of its precursors in each unit were evaluated. Non-polar organics accounted for the majority of N-Cl-DCAM precursors, accounting for 70% of the N-Cl-DCAM FP. The effect of conventional water treatment processes on the removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors was found to be unsatisfactory due to their poor performance in the removal of low molecular weight (MW) or non-polar organics. In the ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon (O₃-BAC) process, the ozonation had little influence on the decrease of N-Cl-DCAM FP. The removal efficiency of precursors by a new BAC filter, in which the granular activated carbon (GAC) had only been used for four months was higher than that achieved by an old BAC filter in which the GAC had been used for two years. The different removal efficiencies of precursors were mainly due to the different adsorption capacities of GAC for individual precursors. Low MW or non-polar organics were predominantly removed by GAC, rather than biodegradation by microorganisms attached to GAC particles.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide / Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry / Precursors / Removal efficiency / Ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon

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Acknowledgements

Financial support was received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51978238), the Science and Technology Development Plans of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (2020-K-036), the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province (JNHB-004), and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

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