Phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency for soils contaminated with lead, zinc, and cadmium
Jie Ren, Zhuo Zhang, Mei Wang, Guanlin Guo, Ping Du, Fasheng Li
Phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency for soils contaminated with lead, zinc, and cadmium
• Abilities of phosphates to stabilize heavy metal contaminated soils were studied.
• Phosphate-induced changes in soil pH affected the stabilization.
• Stabilization efficiencies were different in both single and ternary metal system.
• Competitive Pb stabilization was shown in soils with ternary metals.
Phosphates can cost-effectively decrease the mobility of Pb in contaminated soils. However, Pb always coexists with other metals in soil, their competitive reactions with phosphates have not been tested. In this study, the abilities of KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and K3PO4 to stabilize Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils contaminated with a single metal or a ternary metal for different phosphorus/metal molar ratios were investigated. Results indicated that the stabilization efficiency of KH2PO4, K2HPO4, and K3PO4 for Pb, Zn, and Cd in single metal contaminated soil (P/M ratio 0.6) was 96.00%–98.74%, 33.76%–47.81%, and 9.50%–55.79%, respectively. Competitive stabilization occurred in the ternary system, Pb exhibited a strong competition, the stabilization efficiency of Zn and Cd reduced by 23.50%–31.64%, and 7.10%–39.26%, respectively. Pyromorphite and amorphous lead phosphate formed with excess KH2PO4 or K2HPO4 addition, while K3PO4 resulted in the formation of a hydroxypyromorphite precipitate. Amorphous Zn and Cd phosphates and hydroxides were the primary products. The immobilization rate of Zn and Cd depends on pH, and increased significantly in response to the excess phosphate application. This approach provides insight into phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency in soils contaminated with multiple metals, which is of theoretical and engineering significance.
Heavy metals / Metal-contaminated soil / Phosphate / Competitive stabilization
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