The integration of renewable reducing power with biological C1 assimilation has established energy biomanufacturing as an important direction for low-carbon chemical synthesis under mild, and aqueous conditions. Yet pathway-level carbon, electron and cofactor demands are rarely matched at the spatial and temporal scales experienced by individual enzymes. The resulting local constraints remain obscured by bulk measurements. This review examines these constraints through four overlapping diagnostic lenses: transport, intermediate lifetime, resource allocation, and reaction selectivity. Natural protein shells, membrane-bounded spaces, multienzyme assemblies, and phase-separated domains provide mechanistic precedents for controlling molecular exchange, intermediate retention, cofactor distribution, and reactant concentration. Recent engineering studies have translated these principles into protein microcompartments, encapsulins, scaffolded enzyme assemblies, and biomolecular condensates, while related spatial-control principles have been extended to cell–material reaction environments. Comparison across these systems connects structural assembly with measurable changes in permeability, enzyme stoichiometry, local redox state, pathway flux, and sustained conversion. It also reveals coupled design constraints, because changes that improve retention or local enrichment may alter molecular exchange, cellular resource demand, or responsiveness to fluctuating inputs. Integrating quantitative characterization with kinetic, transport, and metabolic models provides a basis for developing and testing design rules for spatial organization in energy biomanufacturing.

Epoxy resin (EP) has been widely utilized as a protective coating and structural composite; however, its high brittleness and low wear resistance limit its broader application. In this study, mesoporous silica nanotubes (MSNTs) were synthesized via a facile self-assembly route and incorporated into EP via solution mixing. The as-synthesized MSNTs exhibit a uniform tubular morphology and ordered mesoporous channels, disperse homogeneously within the EP matrix with strong interfacial adhesion, and effectively enhance the mechanical properties at low filler loading. By adding 1% MSNTs, the tensile strength, rupture elongation, elastic modulus, and fracture energy were remarkably improved by 26.2%, 16.8%, 5.3%, and 21.7%, respectively, relative to neat EP, whereas Shore D hardness increased monotonically with increasing filler content. MSNTs barely altered the thermal decomposition but gradually increased the char yield of EP. Dry-sliding tests demonstrated that incorporating 1% MSNTs yields a minimum wear rate of 1.56 × 10⁻⁵ mm³∙Nm^–1 for EP composites, showing an improvement of 62.4% in wear resistance. Finally, the underlying wear mechanism was systematically elucidated based on careful examination of the worn surfaces. This study provides a high-efficiency reinforcement strategy for polymer composites with low filler mass fractions by rationally designing the one-dimensional silica-based nanofillers.

Efficient heat remove and uniform temperature distribution are critical for designing chemical reactors involving strongly exothermic gas-solid reactions, such as the various conversion of coal-based syngas to aromatics. Classical Fourier heat conduction theory implies that the effective heat transfer capability from spatial temperature gradients should be consistent with temporal temperature responses. However, whether this assumption remains in a gas-solid fluidized bed, as a typical heterogeneous multiphase system with complex dynamic structures remains unclear. In this study, the heat transfer behavior of fluidization was investigated spatially and temporally via steady-state temperature gradients and transient pulse method, respectively. Significant different equivalent heat transfer coefficients indicate an apparent spatiotemporal inconsistency in the effective heat transport of fluidization. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the spatial steady-state heat transfer process is mainly governed by the near-wall effective thermal-resistance region, whereas the temporal transient heat diffusion process is primarily affected by dynamic alternation between dilute and dense phases. Increasing the superficial gas velocity enhances both heat transfer processes, but the underlying enhancement mechanisms are fundamentally different. The former is mainly attributed to the weakening of the near-wall effective thermal-resistance region, while the latter is primarily caused by bubble-driven mixing enhancement. Further results demonstrate that modifying the heated-wall interfacial condition with thermally conductive grease markedly changes the spatial-domain heat-transfer response, highlighting the sensitivity of wall-dominated heat transfer to the near-wall interfacial state. These findings indicate that the effective heat transport capability in complex heterogeneous multiphase systems exhibits pronounced path dependence. This study provides a new theoretical basis for heat transfer pathways, thermal management optimization, and reactor design in strongly exothermic gas-solid reactors.

The interplay between catalyst pore architecture and plasma discharge behavior is crucial for optimizing non-thermal plasma-catalytic processes. Porous carbon-supported molybdenum carbide catalysts (MCx, x = 10–1000, representing the nominal SiO₂ template size) with tunable pore structures were synthesized by a hard-template method. Characterization confirmed molybdenum carbide formation within porous carbon frameworks with distinct pore dimensions. At a nominal power-supply input of 28 W, a gas hourly space velocity of 40000 h^–1, and a CO₂/H₂ ratio of 1:3, MC1000 achieved 20.5% CO₂ conversion, 99.4% CO selectivity, and a CO energy efficiency of 0.05 mmol∙kJ^–1. Although the catalyst-bed center temperature was only ~172 °C, its CO₂ conversion was about 32 times that of thermal catalysis at 250 °C, supporting plasma-dominated activation. Lissajous plots and current waveforms showed that MC1000 generated higher discharge power and more intense microdischarges than MC100. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, and carbon dioxide temperature programmed desorption further revealed more carbide-related Mo species and moderate CO₂ adsorption strength. The superior reverse water-gas shift performance of MC1000 therefore results from synergistic surface properties and pore-regulated plasma discharge behavior.