2025-12-31 , Volume 45 Issue 12
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  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    Xiaoting Zhang, Na Qin, Fenfen Ji, Hao Su, Haiyun Shang, Hongyan Chen, Dan Huang, Qing Li, Jing Ren, Weixin Liu, Yifei Wang, Wei Kang, Jiabin Wu, Chi-Chun Wong, Zongwei Cai, Matthew Tak Vai Chan, William Ka Kei Wu, Jun Yu, Huarong Chen
    2025, 45(12): 1616-1644. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70070

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    Hui-Yan Luo, Wei Wei, Pansong Li, Qi-Hua Zhang, Zhipeng Zhou, Liang Cui, Yong-Bin Lin, Hong Yang, Xianyu Zhong, Qingfeng Liu, Han Yang, Kong-Jia Luo, Hai-Bo Qiu, Shu-Qiang Yuan, Yuan-Fang Li, Zhi-Wei Zhou, Xiao-Jun Lin, Bo-Kang Cui, Rong-Xin Zhang, Wen-Hua Fan, He Huang, Chun-Yan Lan, Jun-Dong Li, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Bin-Kui Li, Rong-Ping Guo, Jun Tang, Xin Huang, Mian Xi, Yuying Liu, Chuanbo Xie, Shi Chen, Zhi-Hu Li, Yu-Hua Liu, Xiao-Ting Zhang, Qiang Zeng, Xin Yi, Rui-Hua Xu
    2025, 45(12): 1645-1665. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70071

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • LETTER TO THE JOURNAL
    Tanujit Dey, Stuart Lipsitz, Zara Cooper, Debajyoti Sinha, Quoc-Dien Trinh, Alexander Cole, Timothy N. Clinton
    2025, 45(12): 1666-1669. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70073

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • LETTER TO THE JOURNAL
    Nicole C. Riedel, Carolin Walter, Flavia W. de Faria, Lea Altendorf, Paula Aust, Carolin Göbel, Archana Verma, Annika Ballast, Ivan Bedzhov, Rajanya Roy, Daniel Münter, Erik Schüftan, Thomas K. Albert, Claudia Rössig, Pascal Johann, Barbara von Zezschwitz, Sarah Sandmann, Julian Varghese, Christian Thomas, Ulrich Schüller, Jan M. Bruder, Kornelius Kerl
    2025, 45(12): 1670-1675. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70074

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    Huanhuan Cui, Yuechao Yang, Sen Li, Yan Hao, Mingtao Feng, Changshuai Zhou, Xin Chen, Yang Gao, Lei Chen, Xiaojun Wu, Weiguo Hu, Liangdong Li, Yiqun Cao
    2025, 45(12): 1676-1705. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70075

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    Rui Tang, Yan Sun, Ao Deng, Jiahe Liu, Peijin Dai, Jing Chen, Chaoqun Deng, Hui Liu, Yuhang Hai, Yanran Tong, Yan-e Du, Manran Liu, Haojun Luo
    2025, 45(12): 1706-1733. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70072

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • LETTER TO THE JOURNAL
    Junchi Huang, Peter Larsson, Maryam Kakay Afshari, Paloma Tejera Nevado, Tajana Tešan Tomić, André Fehr, Fredrik Jäwert, Göran Stenman, Mattias K. Andersson
    2025, 45(12): 1734-1738. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70079

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
    Rui Zhou, Shiyang Zheng, Daquan Wang, Fang Dong, Hongmei Zhang, Tao Zhang, Qiaoting Luo, Biaoshui Liu, Hui Liu, Jun Zhang, Fangjie Liu, Bin Wang, Likun Chen, Yonggao Mou, Kangqiang Peng, Bo Qiu, Hui Liu
    2025, 45(12): 1739-1754. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70078

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • LETTER TO THE JOURNAL
    Chuanhua Zhao, Jun Zhao, Yigui Chen, Bo Liu, Yangfeng Du, Chenglin Li, Jingdong Zhang, Mudan Yang, Ying Liu, Yuxian Bai, Suyi Li, Ruixing Zhang, Fangling Ning, Yanping Liu, Kai Zou, Qi Zhang, Yijiao Xie, Yuping An, Jianming Xu
    2025, 45(12): 1755-1759. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70080

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.

  • LETTER TO THE JOURNAL
    Carine Ngo, Léo Colmet-Daage, Julien Vibert, Clémence Hénon, Daniel Pissaloux, Alexander Valent, Jia Xiang Jin, Riwan Brillet, Julien Masliah-Planchon, Gaëlle Pierron, Ludovic Lacroix, Etienne Rouleau, Cyril Roussel-Simonin, Lilian Lecorgne, Clémence Astier, Marlène Garrido, Rastislav Bahleda, Benjamin Verret, Axel Le Cesne, Charles Honore, Matthieu Faron, Wolf Herman Fridman, Catherine Sautès-Fridman, Jean-Michel Coindre, Jean-Yves Scoazec, Joshua J Waterfall, Franck Bourdeaut, Thomas G. P. Grünewald, Jean-Yves Blay, Franck Tirode, Sophie Postel-Vinay
    2025, 45(12): 1760-1766. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.70077

    Nowadays, there has been a growing trend in the field of high-energy physics (HEP), in both its experimental and phenomenological studies, to incorporate machine learning (ML) and its specialized branch, deep learning (DL). This review paper provides a thorough illustration of these applications using different ML and DL approaches. The first part of the paper examines the basics of various particle physics types and establishes guidelines for assessing particle physics alongside the available learning models. Next, a detailed classification is provided for representing Jets that are reconstructed in high-energy collisions, mainly in proton-proton collisions at well-defined beam energies. This section covers various datasets, preprocessing techniques, and feature extraction and selection methods. The presented techniques can be applied to future hadron−hadron colliders (HHC), such as the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider−hadron−hadron (FCC-hh). The authors then explore several AI techniques analyses designed specifically for both image and point-cloud (PC) data in HEP. Additionally, a closer look is taken at the classification associated with Jet tagging in hadron collisions. In this review, various state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques in ML and DL are examined, with a focus on their implications for HEP demands. More precisely, this discussion addresses various applications in extensive detail, such as Jet tagging, Jet tracking, and particle classification. The review concludes with an analysis of the current state of HEP using DL methodologies. It highlights the challenges and potential areas for future research, which are illustrated for each application.