The simple and environmentally friendly fabrication of cost-effective nanocomposites with low-metal usage is a promising approach for high-performance supercapacitors. Most developed nanocomposites rely on expensive carbon materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, high metal loading (> 50 wt%), and complex preparation protocols. In this study, we present a straightforward method for fabricating noble-metal-free bimetallic and trimetallic molybdates (FeMo and NiCoMo) anchored on heteroatom-doped hollow-core carbon nanofibers (HCNFs). Heteroatoms such as B, F, and N were successfully doped into the HCNFs. The homogenous anchoring of FeMo- or NiCoMo-oxide nanoparticles on both the inner and outer surfaces of the HCNFs was confirmed—this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of such a structure. In a three-electrode system, NiCoMo–HCNFs demonstrated an excellent specific capacitance of 1419.2 F/g and a capacitance retention of 86.0% after 10,000 cycles. The fabricated device exhibited a high specific capacitance of 225.7 F/g, power density of 45.5 W/kg, and energy density of 10,089.3 Wh/kg, with 86.1% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. For the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, the FeMo–HCNFs and NiCoMo–HCNFs achieved excellent k_app values of 30.14 and 87.71 × 10⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. Due to their simple preparation, cost-effectiveness, high activity, and robustness, FeMo–HCNFs and NiCoMo–HCNFs are promising candidates for energy storage and environmental catalysis applications.

Bimetallic and Trimetallic molybdates supported on hollow-core carbon fibers for energy and catalysis applications.

Ongoing extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics that dynamically adapt to cellular behaviors can more effectively regulate the fate of stem cells. In this study, a peptide nanofiber is developed by integrating integrin receptor-targeting peptides and heparan-sulfate proteoglycan-targeting peptides (KRSR) with self-assembling peptide fragments (FFF) to create ECM mimics. These nanofibers can dynamically self-assemble and co-assemble on the surface of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Further investigations show that the co-assembly of these peptide nanofibers enhances cell proliferation and directs stem cell differentiation toward osteogenesis but not adipogenesis, thereby improving the quality of regenerated bone. We further explore the mechanisms of ECM mimics in regulating BMSCs’ differentiation through cell immunofluorescence staining and RNA sequencing analysis. The co-assembly of peptide nanofibers regulates BMSCs by interacting with cell membrane receptors, which triggers intracellular mechanotransduction and activates the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways. Consequently, a customized microenvironment is created to support BMSC functionality and tissue regeneration.

Developing electronic skin (e-skin) with extraordinary sensing capabilities through biomimetic strategies holds significant potential for distributed wearable electronics in the Internet of Things and human–machine interaction. However, moisture accumulation at the surface between e-skin and human skin severly affects the stability and accuracy of sensing signals. Thermal-moisture comfort and stable functional interfaces of e-skins are still great challenges that need to be addressed. Herein, inspired by the dual-sided structure of lotus leaf, we demonstrate an unidirectional water transport e-skin (UWTES) by constructing a gradient structure of porosity and hydrophilicity using one-step electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane/poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (TPU/PVDF-HFP) with an alloyed liquid metal-based (LM-Ag) electrode. A UWTES textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator (UT-TENG) exhibits a maximum open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current and power density of 188.7 V, 18.89 μA and 4.73 mW/m², respectively. Additionally, a temperature visualization system for UWTES textile (TUWTES) enables real-time monitoring and displays of body temperature during intense physical activity. Through a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), the gait motion recognition system achieves a highly accuracy of 99.7%. This design strategy provides new insights into the development of integrated smart textiles with improved thermal-moisture comfort and user-friendliness.

Peri-implantitis is the main reason for dental implant failure. Optimizing electroactivity at the interface between dental implants and tissue is essential for enhancing integration and preventing bacterial invasion. Here, a bioinspired piezoelectric-conductive integrated peri-implant gingiva (PiG) with simultaneously enhanced antibacterial efficacy and soft-tissue integration, which is based on a flexible piezoelectric film and conductive polymer network, is presented. The piezoelectricity of PiG is achieved through the electrospinning of polyvinylidene fluoride/BaTiO₃/MXene on a polydopamine-modified plasma-activated Ti surface, whereas the conductive property of PiG is achieved by the in situ polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomers. Under ultrasonic irradiation, PiG can promote the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and reactive oxygen species, thus achieving synergistic and efficient piezodynamic killing of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Additionally, piezoelectricity-enabled electrical stimulation endows PiG with enhanced fibroblasts adhesion, proliferation, and collagen secretion. As a demonstration, ultrasound irradiation of PiG-grafted Ti implanted in a subcutaneous implantation rat model efficiently eliminates the S. aureus infection and rescues the implant with increased soft-tissue integration. The concept of an artificial PiG is anticipated to open new avenues for the development of high-performance implant materials, potentially extending their lifespans.

The occurrence of uncontrolled hemorrhage and wound infection represents a significant cause of mortality in military and clinical settings, particularly in instances of traumatic injury. In this regard, developing an effective method to facilitate rapid hemostasis and treat infected wounds is of significant importance and value. In this study, we developed a novel strategy for the one-step manufacturing and crosslinking of gelatin (Gel)/Polygonum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) bioactive nanofibrous sponge through electrospinning with a homemade liquid vortex collector. Attributed to the addition of a specific ratio of tannic acid (TA) in the electrospinning solution, the resulting gelatin-tannic acid-Polygonum sibiricum polysaccharide (GelTa-PSP) nanofibrous sponges can be in-situ crosslinked during the electrospinning process and easily collected in the expected shape and size, without the need for any toxic crosslinking agent for post-treatment. We demonstrate that GelTa-PSP nanofibrous sponges possess excellent water absorption and hemostatic properties, adequate antimicrobial activity, and favorable biocompatibility. Specifically, the GelTa-PSP nanofibrous sponges encourage blood cell adhesion and exhibit strong hemostatic capabilities. In comparison to medical gauze, the GelTa-PSP nanofibrous sponges provide effective procoagulant function and hemostatic impact in rat tail-breaking and liver injury models. Moreover, due to the bioactivity of Chinese herbal medicine flavonoid polysaccharides, the GelTa-PSP nanofibrous sponges demonstrated enhanced performance in wound healing of infected rats. These findings suggest that GelTa-PSP nanofibrous sponges hold significant potential as a biomaterial for clinical applications in hemostasis and wound healing.

Schematic illustration showing the preparation of GelTa-PSP nanofibrous sponges and its application for rapid hemostasis and infected wound healing

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a transformative technology for converting low-frequency mechanical energy into electrical power, offering promising applications in electronic skins, human–machine interfaces, and advanced healthcare systems. However, achieving structural robustness and multifunctionality in thermal regulation remains a persistent challenge for TENG-based skin electronics. This deficiency compromises the charge transfer efficiency and diminishes user comfort during prolonged wear. This study introduces a novel thermally regulating triboelectric nanogenerator (TR-TENG) in the form of a bilayer electronic textile (e-textile) fabricated through a semi-bonding assembly approach. The e-textile comprises two distinct layers: nonwoven styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) textiles loaded with highly reflective and electronegative polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) nanoparticles (NPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers embedded with emissive and electropositive SiO₂ NPs. These layers are merged via hot-press needle punching, creating a flexible, permeable yet robust interface capable of dual functionalities—enhanced solar reflection and efficient infrared emission—while maintaining stable triboelectric performance. When utilized as a skin-attachable self-powered motion sensor, this e-textile provides a remarkable passive radiative cooling effect and high-fidelity recognition of both high-frequency and subtle motions (swallowing, running, breathing, etc.). This TR-TENG e-textile presents a breakthrough in self-powered and comfortable electronics for next-generation healthcare technologies.

Electrospun fiber membranes enable oil–water emulsion separation via tunable morphology and chemistry, yet most face an efficiency–permeability trade-off where enhancing one compromises the other. Herein, optimized membranes (C-NFO@GDY) are synthesized with a uniform honeycomb nanostructure of graphdiyne (GDY) on flexible coal-based preoxidized fibers (C-NFO) through the Glaser‒Hay coupling reaction. The honeycomb nanostructure of GDY effectively disperses external stress on the C-NFO fibers, increasing the tensile strength from 2.8 to 3.2 MPa. In addition, the nanostructure enhances hydration layer formation kinetics, achieving superhydrophilicity (0°) and underwater superoleophobicity (> 150°) of the membrane. When tested against three surfactant-stabilized emulsions (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80)), the membranes demonstrated separation fluxes of 2936 L/(m² h), 2149 L/(m² h), and 1855 L/(m² h), and the corresponding separation efficiencies were 99.6%, 96.6%, and 93.1%. For CTAB-stabilized emulsions, the C-NFO@GDY membrane (zeta potential: − 65.2 mV) exhibits strong electrostatic attraction with cationic surfactants, achieving a high flux of 2936 L/(m² h) and a separation efficiency of 99.6%, surpassing those of recently reported MXene and PANI composites under identical conditions. Overall, the synergy between honeycomb nanostructure and electronegativity of GDY overcomes the flux–efficiency trade-off, offering new ideas for the preparation of oil–water separation membranes.

Augmented-tactility wearable devices have attracted significant attention for their potential to expand the boundaries of human tactile capabilities and their broad applications in medical rehabilitation. Nonetheless, these devices face challenges in practical applications, including high susceptibility to the operating environments, such as variations in pressure, humidity, and touch speed, as well as concerns regarding wearability and comfort. In this work, we developed an augmented-tactility superskin, termed AtSkin, which integrates a skin-compatible nanofiber sensor array and deep learning algorithms to enhance material recognition regardless of the ambient environment. We fabricated a lightweight and breathable triboelectric sensor array with multilayer nanofiber architectures through electrospinning and hot pressing. The carefully selected combination of sensing layers can capture the electrical characteristics of different materials, thus enabling their distinction. Combined with deep learning algorithms, AtSkin achieved an accuracy of 97.9% in distinguishing visually similar resin and fabric materials, even under varying environmental pressures and humidities. As a proof of concept, we constructed an intelligent augmented-tactility system capable of identifying fabrics with similar textures and hand feel, demonstrating the potential of the superskin to expand human tactile capabilities, enhance augmented reality experiences, and revolutionize intelligent healthcare solutions.

With the accelerated development of global industrialization, environmental issues, such as airborne and water pollution caused by suspended solid particulate matter (PM) seriously endanger ecosystems and human health. Fibrous filtration and separation membranes provide an effective approach to pollution treatment, yet they still face challenges in efficient and high-flux purification of highly permeable ultrafine particles. Herein, an ultrafine nanofiber-based membrane with rational hierarchical networks is designed for both air and water filtration. Through the proposed jet branching electrospinning strategy, a multiscale fiber membrane consisting of ultrafine nanofibers, medium fibers, and coarse submicron fibers is prepared. It possesses the merits of ultrafine fiber diameter, ultralow pore size, high specific surface area, and unique hybrid structure. Benefiting from these features, the obtained multiscale fibrous filter shows superior PM_0.3 air filtration performance (99.96% PM_0.3 removal, low pressure drop of 89 Pa) and water filtration capacity (ultrafine particle rejection efficiency of 99.50%, water flux of 9028.84 L m⁻² h⁻¹). Moreover, the controllable structure of a multiscale fiber filter also endows itself with stable and durable filtration capacity. This work may provide meaningful references for the development of high-performance filtration and separation materials.

Flexible photodetectors are ideal for short-range communication in lightweight microintegrated systems. However, low-bonding interface and high-power cost of photosensitive components greatly limit their application in flexible communication systems. To address this, herein, piezophototronic effect-enhanced sensing components are proposed for flexible photodetectors. This approach leverages the piezophototronic effect to modulate nanoscale charge transport and the precision of electrohydrodynamic direct-writing to achieve controlled nanofiber assembly, thereby enhancing interfacial bonding and overall device performance. By employing electrohydrodynamic direct-writing, a copper-ammonia complex ((Cu(NH₃))(CN)) nanofiber is self-stacked on a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofiber to construct a zinc oxide and copper ammine complex (ZnO@(Cu(NH₃))(CN)) photodetector with low static power consumption and high responsiveness through the combined effects of piezoelectricity and fiber self-stacking. The dark current is reduced to 1.12 × 10⁻⁷ A, and the static power consumption of the photodetector is also decreased. The responsiveness is up to 13.3 A/W, with response and recovery times of 11 and 9 ms under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination, respectively, fulfilling the requirements for highly sensitive photodetection owing to the high interface bonding. The detector's threshold voltage is tunable, ranging from 6 V for 5 stacking layers to 20 V for 25 stacking layers, thereby allowing the device's performance to be precisely tailored to specific application requirements. Leveraging the exceptional optoelectronic performance of the ZnO@(Cu(NH₃))(CN) photodetector, this study expands the application scenarios of flexible photodetectors and demonstrates their potential in the fields of 6G technology and battlefield communication.

Peripheral nerve injury presents a significant clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of the injured nerves, often resulting in permanent functional deficits. A key obstacle to effective nerve regeneration is the inability to modulate the inflammatory response, guide axonal elongation, and promote myelination. To address these challenges, we developed a multi-channel nerve guidance conduit (NGC) that integrated immune-modulating drug with gradient cues to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. The inner tubes of the conduit were composed of degradable electrospun gelatin methacryloyl/collagen (GelMA/COL) fibers loaded with 1400W, an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor. The outer tube consisted of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers decorated with a density gradient of collagen particles encapsulating acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). The release of 1400W enhanced macrophage activity and promoted their polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the reparative M2 phenotype, thereby creating a pro-regenerative microenvironment conducive to nerve repair. The incorporation of gradient cues guided and promoted Schwann cell migration and neurite extension in vitro. In a rat sciatic nerve injury model, the conduit significantly improved nerve regeneration by sequentially modulating the inflammatory response and guiding axonal elongation, providing both spatial support and biological activity. Furthermore, the conduit promoted organized nerve fiber alignment, enhanced myelination, and achieved functional recovery outcomes that closely resembled those of the autograft. These findings suggest that the integration of immune-regulatory drug release, gradient cues, and a multi-channel structure presents a promising strategy for enhancing peripheral nerve repair.

Flexible mechanical sensors offer extensive application prospects in the field of smart wearables. However, developing highly sensitive, flexible mechanical sensors that can simultaneously detect strain and pressure remains a significant challenge. Herein, we present a flexible mechanical sensor based on AgNPs/MWCNTsCOOH/PDA/PU/PVB nanofiber-covered yarn (AMPPPNY) featuring a DNA-like double-helix wrinkled structure. The sensor is fabricated by electrospraying polyvinyl butyral (PVB) onto a pre-stretched double-helix elastic yarn, followed by electrospinning a polyurethane (PU) nanofiber membrane and inducing the self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) to create an adhesive layer. Then, one-dimensional carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) and zero-dimensional silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are dispersed onto the structure, synergistically forming a stable conductive network for efficient signal transmission. The integration of conductive fillers with different dimensionalities and DNA-like double-helix wrinkled structure endows the sensor with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor of 11,977) in the strain range of 0–310% and high pressure sensitivity (0.475 kPa⁻¹) in the pressure range of 0–2 kPa. Moreover, the fabricated sensor exhibits rapid response and recovery times (130 ms/135 ms) and outstanding cyclic stability (over 10,000 cycles of both strain and pressure). Next, the fibrous sensor is weaved into a large-area fabric, and the developed smart textiles demonstrate impressive performance in detecting both subtle and large human movements. The proposed sensor is a promising candidate for flexible wearable applications.

Developing methods to non-destructively deposit conductive materials onto existing objects can enhance their functionalities on-demand. However, designing and creating such structures to accommodate diverse shapes and surface textures of pre-fabricated objects remains challenging. We report an on-demand printing strategy for creating substrate-less, conducting microfiber patterns that can be adaptively deposited onto a wide range of objects, including daily-use stationery, tools, smartwatches, and unconventional materials like porous graphene aerogels. Solution-drawn microfibers are directly deposited onto the object in a semi-wet state upon synthesis, enabling seamless fiber-object integration in a single step. The design and format of the microfiber patterns can be tuned on-demand to adapt to the shapes and surface textures of target objects, ensuring compatibility with user-specific applications. These air-permissive, highly transparent layers minimally obstruct the original appearance and functions of the objects while equipping them with additional sensing, energy conversion, and electronic connectivity capabilities.

Electrocaloric (EC) polymers have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their zero direct greenhouse gas emissions during cooling processes. However, only a few polymers exhibit sufficient refrigeration capacity at low fields, which limits the application of the EC cooling technology. In this work, we show that electrospinning, a mature polymer processing technology, can introduce a complex fibrous matrix that leads to nano-, meso-, and micro-scale structures, and hence a series of hierarchical polar interfaces. The following thermal treatment was applied to enhance breakdown fields and reduce dielectric losses. A series of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based fluoropolymers containing cellulose acetate (CA) were prepared. By introducing 10 wt% of CA, the electrospinning process significantly improves the polar entropy of the fluoropolymer system and significantly improves the polymer’s breakdown strength, polarization, and electrocaloric performances, compared to their solution cast counterparts. The polar entropy variations among various polymeric composites were elucidated using data acquired from multiple structural characterization tools. By linking the optimized hierarchical interface structures and the overall EC performances, this study provides new routes for designing high-performance EC nanocomposites that can be facilely tailored by the matured processes of fibrous, polymeric composites.

Piezoelectric filler-based composite fiber sensors have emerged as promising candidates for wearable textiles due to their self-powered capability and excellent sensing performance. However, current spinning fabrication methods face significant challenges in achieving uniform distribution and optimal orientation of piezoelectric fillers within polymer matrices, which limits their sensing performance. To address these issues, an innovative electric-assisted coaxial wet spinning method is developed to fabricate piezoelectric composite fiber (denoted as P-B fiber), which was composed of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) as piezoelectric fillers and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a piezoelectric polymer matrix. The radial electric field applied during spinning promotes the radial orientation of BNNSs, leading to enhanced stress transfer efficiency and, as a result, improved piezoelectricity. Moreover, the radial electric field enables the simultaneous in-situ polarization of BNNSs and PVDF during spinning process, further improving the piezoelectric performance. As a result, the P-B fiber exhibits an exceptional piezoelectric sensitivity of (186.4 ± 1.1) mV/N, approximately sixfold higher than that of fibers produced without electric field assistance. Accordingly, the P-B fiber demonstrates remarkable capability in detecting tiny mechanical loads, such as pulse waves and respiration, making it particularly suitable for wearable physiological monitoring textiles, providing a promising strategy for developing high-performance piezoelectric fiber sensors.