The review summarizes up-to-date theoretical background, experimental and clinical findings of various cellular technologies designed to benefit trauma and orthopedic patients. The authors consider this field of medicine to be one of the most perspective approbations of different methods of cell transplantation and tissue engineering that wou/d promote the most effective ones into practice.
There have been a lot of reports about differentiation possibilities of hepaticytes from hematopoitec stem cells or mesenchymal cells in the past decade.
The potential of hepatic epithelium differentiation from other sources besides entoderm has been analysed in the present study. A wide variety of monoclonal antibodies of epithelial, mesenchymal and stem cell markers and apoptosis were used to study the main stages of differentiation of epithelial and sinusoidal cells of the liver during norma/ ontogenesis and regeneration in human and rat. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that desmin-positive mesenchymal cells might be one of the sources of hepatocyte differentiation, with perisinusoidal cells being the most probable stem cells of the liver.
Neural stem/ progenitor cells [NSPCs] isolated from the olfactory area of human nasal mucosa are considered as one of the most promising sources for autologous material in cellular therapy and tissue engineering.
Xenotransplantation of NSPCs was performed in rabbits with ischemia retinae caused by laser coagulation of retina vessels of the l-II class. The cells were introduced into suprachoroldal space. Electroretinographic studies were done to evaluate the extent and degree of functional activity changes of the retina and functional reparative effects of transplantation.
According to electroretinography single transplantation of NSPCs promotes the maintenance and recovery of the retinal function in modelled acute ischemia retinae that correlates with the results of ophthalmoscopy done.
Transplantation of neural stem progenitor cells into suprachoroldal space has been shown to be a safe and effective method of introduction of cells in order to treat retinal disorders due to ischemia.
The possibility and efficacy of intravenous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells after ischemic stroke in rats were studied. This therapeutic method has been shown to activate the proliferation of endogenous neuronal stem cells in the subependimal area of the brain lateral ventricles and angiogenesis in the nearby area, promote the neuron vitality within the same area, decrease the extent of brain tissue damaged and hasten recovery of the cognitive functions in animals.
Short-term effects of biocompatible materials were examined on functional posttraumatlc recovery of rat sciatic nerve and mice spinal cord. Transected nerve regeneration across 5 mm gaps within silicone tubes filled with synthetic hydrogels of sodium salts of 3%polyacrylic acid (PAA] or 1,8% Carbopol® 971P NF or 8% sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose were investigated. Functional recovery was assessed using the sciatic functional index until 30 days after nerve injury. Supportive influence of PAA was shown on motor and sensory function recovery of nerve. At the 30th the survival ofL5 DRG neurons Increased in group with Carbopol by 13,3%, in case of PAA by 30,3% to compare with negative control group [plain tube without matrix). By day 30 after the operation the number of middle size neurons in group with PAA exceeds by 10,8% in comparison with Carbopol group. In these conditions the number of myelinated fibers exceeded by 10,3%. Addition of patented composition M4 consisting of amino acids and microelements to the PAA or Carbopol hydrogels improved the sensory reactions from the hind paw skin. On the model of complete transection of mice spinal cord at T9 it has been shown Increase of locomotor repair assessed in Basso, Beathie, Bresnahan (1995) open field rating scale under the influence of mixture of Carbopol and M4 composition. The received results testify that synthetic biocompatible materials PAA and Carbopol differently influence regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous system. Thus, investigated scaffolds as suitable conduit could be useful for Improving regeneration of the peripheral nerve or spinal cord after an injury.