Objective - to study the expression of GAT1 (GABA transporter) at the early stages of postnatal development in the ventrolateral part of solitary nucleus in prenatal serotonin deficiency in rat. Material and methods. To reduce the level of endogenous serotonin in the embryonic period, the method of triptofan hydroxylase inhibition by parachlorophenilalane (PCHA) (Sigma, USA) was applied. Primary rabbit polyclonal antibodies (anti-GABA transporter 1; GAТ1) (AbCam, UK) were used to detect GAT-1 transporter. Results. It was shown that from the early neonatal period to the beginning of juvenile age, a gradual increase in GAT1 expression occurred in the processes, neural endings and synaptic structures in lateral and ventral portions of the solitary nucleus in control rats. In the lateral and ventral portions in experimental animals, the expression level of the GAT1 transporter during the first and the second postnatal weeks considerably exceeded that in control; however, by the end of the third week, i.e. by the beginning of juvenile age, it decreased and was significantly lower than the control value. Сonclusions. In the respiratory portions of the solitary nucleus in control rats, a gradual decrease in GAT1 expression occurs in the first three weeks of postnatal development. Deficiency of serotonin in the prenatal period leads to impaired expression of the GAT1 transporter in the early postnatal period. The revealed deviations can lead to a change in the transmission of GABA, which, in turn, can cause an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory effects in the respiratory center in the early postnatal period and, as a result, to be a basis for the development of respiratory dysfunctions at early age.

Objective - to study the activity of the apoptotic proteins (bcl-2, p53, caspase-3) and neuroplasticity (p38, MAP-2) of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of the brain of intact albino rats, and at different times after a 20-minute occlusion of common carotid arteries (CCAO). Materials and methods. Light microscopy (staining with hematoxylin and eosin), immunohistochemistry and morphometry were applied. Material for the study: control group (sham-operated animals, n=5), main group (animals 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 days after the CCAO, n=25). Results. It was demonstrated that after CCAO, when an irreversible destruction of part of SMC neurons occurred (layer III - 21,5 %, V - 19,0 %), the processes (MAP-2) and synapses (p38) of the surviving neurons were reorganized. The relative labelling ratio of antibodies to p38 and caspase-3 localized in synaptic terminals was first reduced (on the 1st and 3rd day), and then restored (on the 7th day). In the dynamics of the, The most pronounced changes in caspase-3 during the postischemic period were observed after 7, 14, and 30 days, when its content exceeded the content of p38. Discussion. Post-ischemic compensatory reorganization of the neuron communication system (processes, synapses) is associated with a high content of caspase-3 in axons. No manifestations of apoptosis (activation of caspase-3 in the pericarion) were detected. Conclusions. Caspase-3 must be considered in terms of its pleiotropy, participation in adaptation and recovery processes - neuroplasticity.

Objective - a comparative analysis of the mobilization of CD34+-, CD68+- and CD163+-cells in the treatment of sternomediastinitis using various vacuum modes. Materials and methods. Using immunohistochemical and morphometric methods, skin biopsy specimens from the area of post-sternotomy wound healing were studied in 57 patients aged 50 and over who received treatment using continuous (14 patients) or variable vacuum drainage (13 patients), or open method of wound management (30 patients). The localization and number of cells expressing CD34, CD68, CD163, and Ki67 were evaluated in patients of each group in two age categories: 46-60 and 61-75 years old. Results. In all patients age groups, the maximum number of cells expressing CD34, CD68, CD163, and Ki-67 was observed after application of variable vacuum (VAC). The speed of wound cleansing and the active growth of granulation tissue during VAC-therapy with a variable mode of negative pressure occured earlier than in the open management or continuous vacuum drainage. The terms of wound healing were reduced as well as the time spent by patients in the hospital with the absence of subsequent relapses of the inflammatory process. The lowest rates were observed in open management of patients in the age group from 61 to 75 years. Conclusion. The use of a variable vacuum drainage in cardiac surgery is the most effective method for mobilizing CD34+-, CD68+- and CD163+-cells in the treatment of sternomediastinitis.

Objective - to characterize some parameters of the endocrine epithelium of the in a part pancreas remote from the site of resection during chronic administration of thyroxine. Materials and Methods. The experiment was conducted on 163 Wistar male rats. Fifty-six animals from the experimental group after partial pancreatectomy were given daily subcutaneous injections of dl-thyroxin (Reanal, Hungary) at a dose of 0,001 μg/g of BW. The part of the pancreas remote from the site of partial resection was analyzed morphometrically (weight of the head and body of the gland, total islet volume, B/A-cell islet volume ratios, sizes of nuclei and cells), autoradiographically (3H-thymidine), cytospectrophotometrically (amount of cytoplasmic RNA), and by electron microscopy. Results. After 30 days of experiment, the weight of the residual pancreas and the volume of islet tissue in it increased. The capillarization of pancreatic islets (PI) increased dramatically. B/A-cell volume ratio changed due to an increase in the proportion of the B-cell component. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the PO cells nuclei was reduced at the early stages of observation and returned to the control levels by the end of the observation period. During the experiment the ultrastructural characteristics of islet cells in animals of the experimental group changed from predominating on the 15th day «dark B-cells II» (actively synthesizing, containing a large number of secretory granules, with extensive spaces occupied by a Golgi apparatus, with a large number of ribbon-like «tightly conjugated» mitochondria) to «light B-cells I» (with expanded perinuclear spaces, expanded membranes of the granular cytoplasmic reticulum, well-pronounced Golgi apparatus with maturing secretory granules in its cisterns), prevalent after 30 days of experience. At all periods of observation, insulin cells demonstrated active endo-and paracrine secretion. In conditions of hyperthyroidism, the core of many secretory B-granules had the mulberry-like appearance both in the control and in the experiment. Conclusions. Thyroid hormones can become an important factor in the repair of pancreatic epithelium.

Objective - a detailed study of the ultrastructural characteristics of the stratified skin epithelium of Aidanosagitta macilenta - representative of phylum Chaetognatha which is considered as an ancient, early diverging branch of Bilateria. Materials and methods. Aidanosagitta macilenta Kassatkina (Chaetognatha, fam. Sagittidae) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The material was collected in summer (June-August) in the Peter the Great Gulf (Sea of Japan). The animals were fixed for 40-60 min at 4 ºС in cacodylate buffered 2,5 % glutaraldehyde (pH 7,4) and post-fixed in 2 % OsO4. The fixed material was dehydrated and embedded in Araldite. The ultrathin sections were examined with JEM-7 and JEM-100B electron microscopes. Results. The data obtained show unique epithelium structural characteristics: fibrillar structure of cell cytoplasm, special bridge-like intercellular junctions which have no analogues among the known types of intercellular junctions, primitive myelinization of nerve fibers locatd inside the epithelium. Skin epithelium of Chaetognatha is a primitive two-component tissue system where epithelial cells are closely associated with the elements of nervous tissue. Conclusions. The presence of stratified skin epithelium, special bridge-like intercellular junctions and mitochondria with tubular cristae is the evidence of Chaetognatha separate position in the phylogenetic system. Stratified skin epithelium of Chaetognatha and epidermis of vertebrates are not identical in structure, they represent a case of tissue parallelism. It can be assumed that the hypothetical ancestors of Bilateria had integuments in which epithelial and neural elements were combined.

The aim - to study the histological structure of the bladder wall of human fetuses in the antenatal period. Material and methods. Microscopy and morphometry were performed to measure the thickness of the layers of the bladder wall of human fetuses at gestation period from 15 to 40 weeks. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and according to Van Gieson. Immunohistochemical study was performed by indirect immunofluorescence and peroxidase technique, the following monoclonal antibodies were used: to detect the smooth muscle component - against Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA); to determine the degree of myocyte differentiation - against Desmin; to identify neurofilaments - anti-Neurofilament Monoclonal Antibody (NF), to detect the endothelial cells of the vascular wall - against CD31. Results. The thickness of the bladder wall in fetuses from the 15th to the 40th week of gestation increases by 3,5 times, the mucous membrane thickness - by 1,3 times, the muscular layer - by 9,8 times. It was found that the ratio of the layers of the muscular membrane of the bladder (inner: middle: outer) changed in different periods of gestation and was 1,1:1:1,2 at 15 weeks, 1:1: 1,5 by the 25th week, and 1:2,1:2,1 by the 40th week. The coefficient of proliferative activity of myocytes was developed, which reflected the growth rate of the detrusor layers and the morphological maturity of the cells of the bladder muscular coat for various periods of gestation. The coefficient was 6,11 for the inner muscular layer, 4,19 for the middle layer, and 6,63 for the outer layer. It was found that the increase in the thickness of the middle muscular layer was due to an increase in the volume of myocytes, and not their number. Abundant innervation and vascularization of the bladder wall of fetuses from the 16th week of gestation was detected. Summary. The morphological criteria for the degree of maturity of the bladder wall of the human fetus at different gestation periods were determined. They can be used to study the morphological characteristics of the detrusor formation in fetus pathology and congenital malformations of the urinary system.

The article gives a brief overview of pre-and postnatal development features of the vertebrate central nervous system. Particular attention is paid to the origin of neurons and neuroglia populations in different periods of nervous system development. It is shown that neuron and glia populations are formed from different sources: from the NSC of the neurogenic epithelium due to vertical migration in the brain wall, and closer to birth - from their descendants-the cells of the so-called radial glia (RG) and intermediate progenitor cells (IPC). In a number of brain regions, the neuron population is replenished due to the tangential migration of neuroblasts from neurogenic zones located at a great distance from the site of the final neuron differentiation. A wide variety of growth, neurotrophic and transcription factors influence the process of neuro-and gliogenesis. The article discusses the postnatal neurogenesis peculiarities in the adult vertebrate nervous system and the possibility of using model objects to study this process in human

This literature review contains the systematized analysis of the current knowledge regarding tissue, cellular and molecular mechanisms of wound healing of the oral mucosa (OM). The main attention is focused on the key phenomena of wound healing - hemostasis and restoration of the integrity of the epithelial barrier (reepithelization). Although hemostasis is primarily aimed at stopping bleeding from damaged vessels, the forming blood clot (in particular, the platelets that constitute it) plays an important role in the regeneration of the OM tissues, ensuring the recruitment of various cells into the wound, creating an environment for their migration and activating their functions due to growth factors and cytokines sequestered in the matrix. OM reepithelization begins with the migration of epithelial cells from the wound edges into the tissue defect area within a few hours after tissue damage, and continues throughout all phases of wound healing. The review considers different models of epithelial migration and its cellular mechanisms, histological and ultrastructural transformations of the epithelium at different time intervals before and after the restoration of the integrity of its layer. The continuous interactions of the epithelial cells between themselves, with other cells and the matrix with the participation of adhesive compounds and signaling molecules underlying reepithelization are described. The influence of microorganisms on wound epithelialization and the state of non-epithelial dendritic cells in the regenerating epithelium of OM are considered. The most important problems of OM wound healing requiring detailed morphological analysis are noted.