Methylene blue was discovered by the chemist Careau at the end of the 19th century. R. Koch, in 1882, first used it in microscopic technique, working with the tuberculosis pathogen he had discovered. Later, in 1890, Ehrlich noticed the affinity of methylene blue for nerve tissue and its analgesic effect. A year later it was suggested by Gutmann, and then by Giems for treatment of malaria. Since that time, blue has been used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases and, as can be seen from the literature, with some success, for example, in diseases of the urinary tract of a gonorrheic nature, in dysentery, recurrent typhus, in tuberculosis of the throat, in neoplasms, nephritis of an infectious nature, etc.

When the diagnosis of tbc pulmonum is made, it is commonly assumed that the patient necessarily suffers also from anemia, and if so, the administration of arsenic and iron is considered indispensable. The diagnosis of anemia without examination of the blood is usually made for all patients suffering from tuberculosis, or suspected of tbc,-for all who have pale skin and mucous membranes. This is particularly striking when reviewing the work of TB clinics, where 95-99% of patients arriving not only themselves say they have anemia, but almost all have a diagnosis of anemia in their accompanying charts. This idea of anemia as an indispensable companion of tbc is the result of categorical statements of old authors on the one hand and not examining blood or examining it with insufficiently accurate methods on the other hand.

Methods of treatment of malaria, - as it absolutely fairly speaks Prof. A.A. Kissel - we have more than enough, it is necessary to deepen studying of them and to create the most expedient combination of them. To this task the present work is devoted, in which I will stop on check of the known method of Ochsner.

The concept of dysentery is essentially purely clinical. This name refers to acute hemorrhagic catarrh of the intestines with predominant involvement of the lowest segment of the latter and with the formation of ulcers in this area. Such a disease may have a variety of etiologies. The issue of etiology of dysentery and hemorrhagic colitis is not only of purely bacteriological interest, but also plays a prominent role in therapy of these diseases.

The issue of gastrointestinal vessel disconnection is a hot topic at present, and therefore we will allow ourselves to speak out on this issue and quote, as an illustration, the following case observed in our clinic.

Excellent regenerative properties of facial tissues in fresh injuries are well known. Abundance of anastomosing vessels, considerable friability and mobility of facial skin with observance of aseptic and hemostasis cause good and fast healing of wounds, as well as the growth of completely separated facial parts sewn on time and accurately. The shape of a facial wound and the properties of its edges often present extremely unfavorable conditions for healing, and nevertheless the latter usually occurs by primary tension which would be impossible to expect elsewhere in the body.

In the history of development and improvement of blood transfusion methods several periods should be noted. The first period in the second half of the 17th century, when animal blood was taken for transfusion, was very short, as the sad results of this method showed that transfusion of animal blood to humans could lead not only to harmful consequences for the health of patients, but often even to the death of patients.

The combination of laryngeal tuberculosis with pregnancy, with the rather wide prevalence of respiratory tuberculosis in general, is, however, not so frequent. According to Moneckeberg's statistics, there were only 18 cases of laryngeal tuberculosis out of 40,000 pregnant women (300 with pulmonary tuberculosis among them) who passed through obstetric clinics. With the rather large material from the Krasnoyarsk City Maternity Hospital, only 2 cases of this kind have come under our observation in recent years.

Наблюдающееся в последнее время учащение оперативных пособий при полных атрезиях влагалища объясняется, конечно, сравнительно благополучными исходами вмешательств подобного рода. Благодаря этому, гинеколог, ранее сомневавшийся в успехе операции, теперь смелее решается на нее. В моей статье по этому вопросу, появившейся в печати в 1925 году, я привожу 64 случая, оперированных по Попову и Schubertʹy, и 107 случаев, оперированных по Baldwin’y и Mori. В настоящее же время мы располагаем материалом в 97 случаев, оперированных по Schubert’y, 22—по Попову и 169—по Baldwin’y-Моrі.

Aspiration of foreign bodies into the windpipe usually results in respiratory damage. This lesion may be of varying intensity and may be localized in different parts of the respiratory tract or lungs. Both the intensity and the localization of the lesion may depend on a number of reasons and above all on the location of the foreign body and its type, but also on the constitutional characteristics of the body and on many other causes. Aspirated foreign bodies are found in the trachea or larynx and almost as often in the bronchi.

In December 1926 a patient was admitted to our Clinic with symptoms of ergot poisoning. From his inquiries, and from a number of other - though unofficial - sources, we learned that there were mass cases of ergot poisoning in the Urals region. During our acquaintance with the corresponding literature and observation of this patient we faced a number of questions, for the clarification of which it seemed to us rational to go personally to the place of toxidemia.

At present, self-mutilation for the purpose of evading military service is relatively rare, although, unfortunately, far from being completely eradicated. It is the relative rarity of cases of self-mutilation that can sometimes lead to difficulties for the doctor in diagnosing self-mutilation. This should be said especially about artificial tumors caused by injection of paraffin into tissues. At the injection sites there is a growth of connective tissue surrounding and sprouting drops of paraffin, resulting in the formation of dense tumors, the so-called "paraffinomas", extremely simulating, at first glance, real neoplasms. This very type of self-mutilation was observed in the Kazan Military Hospital during the last 1½ years in 4 cases.

The study of the pathogenesis of anthrax infection in humans and animals, which until recently seemed completely finished, has been enriched in the last five years with new data.

Based on the study of the arteries of the human body, Dr. A. I. Gennadyev concludes that the arterial system of certain areas of the human body is built on the type of two types of arteries: arteries with a rapid expenditure of the received energy of blood movement and arteries where this energy is expended more gradually.

When examining the blood and nasopharyngeal mucus filtrates of early-onset measles patients, the authors detected with great consistency small cocci arranged in pairs and chains, strictly anaerobic and capable of passing through Chamberland's L 5 filter.

Experiments by B. D. Morozov show that a dried isolated rabbit ear, even having lost from 77.14 to 91.25% of water and left in a dry state for several months, can be revived if it is first soaked in water vapor at room t° and then immersed in Ringer's solution.

According to studies of I.G. Klebansky blood clotting in warm-blooded animals occurs at a constant rate at a certain temperature, the optimum of which is close to the body temperature of animals. At low temperatures blood coagulation is extremely slowed down, but not accelerated.

L. Aschoff and O. Pokorny, examining in Ringer's fluid 23 operatively removed worms and 19 taken from cadavers, found that strong, especially chemical irritations weaken the mobility of the worm.

Studying pathological and histological changes in animals immunized with В. С. G. and then infected with virulent tbc bacilli, the authors found that 1) with subsequent introduction of the virulent strain the nature of the process becomes more productive, exudative changes change significantly and often come to naught, but the prognosis in animals remains severe; 2) that a similar prevalence of productive changes under the above conditions is observed in all organs, but it is more pronounced in lymph glands and liver, weaker in lungs and spleen; 3) that double infection with virulent strain of tbc bacilli (with an interval of 8-10 months) gives extremely severe changes in organs).

Since the discovery of diphtheria bacillus by Klebs and Löffler and diphtheria toxin by Ruach and Yersen, it has been established that the diphtheria bacillus, when ingested mainly on mucous membranes, remains in the place of infection without penetrating inside the body. The authors found, however, that no matter how the infection was carried out - subcutaneous, intradermal or intraperitoneal - both while the animal was alive and postmortem, diphtheria bacilli could be found in the blood and internal organs. 

The author proposes a new method of simultaneous detection of Cosch'a bacilli and elastic fibers in the same preparation.

The authors studied the blood sugar content according to Hagedorn - Iensen in 57 patients with various forms of tbc and stated that the sugar level in tuberculosis patients, regardless of the stage and nature of the process, is kept at normal levels.

Based on the evaluation of 10 cases of artificial bilateral pneumothorax the author concludes that the latter is scientifically valid and quite indicative in all cases where unilateral artificial pneumothorax is complicated by a fresh disease of the other side. In such cases bilateral pneumothorax, destroying intoxication, enables the body to mobilize immune and biological forces to fight the infection.

The author reports data on the duration of incubation in rabies based on material from the Kiev Bact. Institute (99,361 people vaccinated, 346 rabies cases).

Having reviewed the literature on the use of oleothorax (infusion of oil into the pleural cavity), the author cites 3 cases of his own, where ol. olivarum to close pleuro-pulmonary perforations with satisfactory results.

The author conducted 299 observations (598 reactions) in 243 patients over the comparative effects of Alt-tuberculin Koch'a and tuberculin B. C. G.

In 57 patients with tbc III stage, the author used sanokrizin in doses from 0.01 to 1.0 in 4-5 days, depending on the reaction. In 11 cases there was a significant improvement, in 24 cases improvement, 11 patients remained unchanged, and in 12 patients deterioration was observed (in 3-4 cases, in direct dependence on sanokrizin application).

This disease has taken a great number of victims in our country. The only true and proven remedy to fight it is surgery, which should be used not only in clear but also in suspicious cases (the hardest to distinguish between breast cancer and fibromatosis and cystic transformation of the breast).

Abnormal nipple effusions (not depending on the physiological state of the breasts) indicate the presence of either malignant tumors or benign processes, but can give a malignant transformation. In particular, the transition from serous to bloody effusions is often a sign of cancer.

Havranek, on the basis of both experimental studies and clinical observations, warns against the use in tuberculosis of this method of treatment, once proposed by Macai: he is convinced that this method causes reinfection of tuberculosis and throws the weakened organism out of balance.

The authors conducted a number of studies of the air in the operating room, dressing room, and wards, and checked the sterility of surgical staff hands, dressing material, instruments, and sterile solutions. Based on their findings, the authors believe that strict isolation of purulent patients is desirable.

On the basis of three cases of such tumors the author considers characteristic for them: 1) the high position of the tumor in the abdominal cavity, 2) its slight upward displacement, 3) respiratory motility, and 4) its connection with the transverse colon.

In the study of hand and operative field cultures at different moments of preparation for surgery and during the operation, the author observed that the data from the operative field cultures are identical to the data from the hands after surgery.

The author successfully uses a modified method of Kausch'a for this purpose: a needle with a thick silk thread is introduced through the external opening into the fistulous passage through the thickness of the cheek into the oral cavity, then the external end of the thread is put on another needle, also large and uncurled, the latter is introduced into the fistula immediately under the skin, penetrates the wall of the fistulous passage and is carried under the skin to the corner of the mouth, where it is derived into the mouth.

The author recommends 2 to 3 months before exophthalmic goiter removal to make preliminary ligation of the upper thyroid arteries (aa thyreoideae superiores), and this ligation should be performed in 2 stages, with an interval of several days.

Personal experience has convinced the author that surgery without bandages is quite acceptable, especially in more or less comfortable hospitals. The postoperative period is no worse, if not better, than with bandages.

Based on his observations, the author claims that female senile cataracts are much more common than male cataracts. Moreover, in 80% of cases of early cataracts he could identify the early onset of menopause. This gave him grounds for recognizing the onset of the menopausal period with its inherent involution of the genital organs as a predisposing moment for the occurrence of cataracts in women.

The author describes the results of her treatment in the last 5 years of some eye diseases with x-rays and ultraviolet rays (quartz lamp and Jessiopek lamp). For the treatment of eczematous keratoconjunctivitis she uses the Jessionek lamp, illuminating patients entirely with it, naked, and usually obtaining a complete cure, without relapses.

The author puts forward dionine as a remedy for diseases of the posterior part of the eye, while previous supporters of this remedy used it mainly for lesions of the anterior part of the eye. The author then insists on the use of dionine not in drops, but in the form of subconctival injections.

The author isolated a small, pleomorphic, Gram-negative, motile bacillus growing only on a special medium (semisolid medium with fresh animal serum and hemoglobin) from 4 of 5 trachomatous Native American schoolchildren in New Mexico.

Siegert, of the Opitz Clinic, considers the cause of indomitable vomiting, as well as other toxicoses of pregnancy, to be one-sided nutrition of the maternal organism due to the symbiosis of mother and fetus.

The author suggests that primary vasodilation in the uterine region may result in increased blood pressure in the periphery of the female body, this vasodilation being dependent on the predominant influence of the n. vagi, either due to its irritation or to the paralysis of the sympathici. In order to prove this, the author in one series of experiments injected rabbits subcutaneously with acetylcholine, clavipurine (ergotoxin) and histamine, after which he measured the blood pressure by means of a special cuff.

The author attributes the main etiological significance in the occurrence of tubal pregnancy to the spasm of the tubal muscles, which occurs especially in women with a labile autonomic nervous system. If this spasm is prolonged, it may also be the cause of infertility.

The author cites a number of cases where ectopic pregnancy has not been recognized, but points out the importance of the so-called phrenicus-symptom, which is expressed by the appearance of pain in the interscapular area. This symptom usually indicates the significance of internal bleeding and is a signal for immediate surgery.

Rational treatment of eclampsia, according to Wilson's opinion, based on chemical studies of blood, should be to strengthen the ability of the latter to bind CO2. To this end, he recommends intravenous infusions of soda solution and glucose.

The author summarizes the current state of the issue of cervical cancer treatment with Röntgen's and radium rays. At 5-year follow-up, this treatment yields, according to different authors, from 40.5 to 55.6% of permanent cures in operable cases and from 10.2 to 16.6% in non-operable cases.

For a long time Stoeckel has been trying to treat small fistulas by cauterization on the bladder side without success. Ottow'y in one case managed to cure a small postoperative fistula by a single electrocoagulation with a cystoscope.

Of 70 children with congenital or acquired mental insufficiency, Dollinger could prove birth trauma as the etiological moment in 21 of them. Schwartz's pathological and anatomical studies quite confirm this. Newborns are very prone to hemorrhages, and intracranial hemorrhages due to birth trauma must be relatively frequent. The clinical picture of birth trauma can be very different, and it develops either immediately after delivery or a few days later.