The issue of the cellular composition of the exudates of various serous cavities has long attracted the attention of researchers, who studied the protective means by which the organism fights infection. In addition, due to anatomical conditions, abdominal and pleural cavities of animals are very convenient for experimental studies, why they have always been the favorite objects in the study of inflammation phenomena.

Since the discovery by R. Fahraeus, in 1916, discovered accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation in nitrated blood of pregnant women, the literature on this reaction (SR-Senkungs Reaktion) has grown rapidly, not only in pregnancy, but also in pathology in general. Comparatively little, however, its significance has been developed in crino- and psycho-neuropathology; meanwhile, available data suggest that this reaction can be used as a guideline for the further development of these branches of science, especially for the analysis of pluriglandular forms.

In recent years, tbc clinic began to make wide use of chemical and biological analyses, trying to find in them an objective assessment of the pathological processes occurring in the body. Physical examination methods alone, including radiological data, are not able to give a complete picture of the dynamics of the tbc process and be sufficient for understanding the immuno-biological essence of the disease. Experience in the application of tuberculin reactions and along with it the methods of colloid and physical chemistry is expanding day by day. The attention of researchers is rushing to the study of the colloidal structure of blood, its enzymes, as well as other physical and chemical factors that can characterize the vital processes occurring in the organism of tbc patient.

To illustrate the toxicity of emetine, I have cited in my article several case histories traced in a clinical setting. In addition to these, I can cite several more later observations.

Dietary treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers is currently given great importance, and quite a number of methods have been proposed for this purpose (Lehnboe, Lenhartz, Senator, Rosenfeld, Petren, Riegel, Steesma, Vasiliev, Schnabel, Zweig, Boas, Yarotsky, Sippy and others). Having no possibility to stop here on all these ways, we will touch only the diet proposed by Prof. A. I. Yarotsky. This diet, based on works of I.P. Pavlov school, is directed to change the very character of gastric secretion. Its task is not only to eliminate subjective sufferings of the patient, but also to lead him to complete cure and decrease of acidity of gastric juice (prof. Yarotsky attaches particular importance to the latter).

The question about the obliteration of the appendix is of clinical as well as theoretical interest, and it is necessary to find out whether this obliteration is the result of an inflammatory process or physiological involution of the rudimentary organ. In a significant number of the cases described (Trewes-Hartmann), the cause of the obliteration was inflammation of the appendix. The same should be said about the cases of this anomaly that we studied.

In recent years, the question of surgical treatment of hemorrhoids has not come down from the columns of Russian journals, and in this area still noticeable variety of opinions, and various operational modifications are put forward. Leaving the latter aside, I will only touch in this article on the postoperative treatment of hemorrhoids. If we turn to surgical manuals, operative and private, we will see that almost everywhere they recommend inserting a drainage tube, wrapped in simple or subformed gauze, into the anus and giving the patient opium after hemorrhoids surgery.

Kidney tuberculosis in humans is quite frequent. For example, in the Men's Urology Department of the Obukhov Hospital (Leningrad), 153 cases of this disease have been observed over the past 14 years. According to the statistics of different authors, it can be seen that 2-3 per 100 examined cadavers could find tbc renia, and per 100 examined cadavers of phthisis, from 8 to 30 represented tbc changes of the kidneys as well. Fedorov counts 19% tbc among other surgical kidney diseases. During the first year of the existence of the Urological Department of the 3rd Soviet People's Hospital in Odessa I managed to observe only 3 cases of renal tbc, which, in relation to the total number of patients in the department (534 people), is 0.56%, and in relation to the total number of urological patients in the hospital in 1923-24 (218 people) - 1.5%. (218 people) - 1.37.

Keratoplasty is usually divided into 1) heteroplasty and 2) homoplasty. The first one means corneal transplantation from an animal to a human. During this operation the transplant may survive, but it soon becomes cloudy. Thus, the late Professor E. Adamyuk transplanted 8 patients corneas taken from different animals (chickens, rats), and to preserve transparency of a transplant he transplanted not one cornea, but with a part of sclera; in 7 of these cases engraftment of a transplant turned out good, but it became turbid soon. Homoplasty refers to transplantation of corneae from person to person, and distinguishes between 1) transplantation of the front part of the eye, 2) partial corneal transplantation and 3) complete transplantation, when all scarred cornea is removed and replaced by a whole transparent cornea from another person.

Publishing this note, I want to make a small addition to the detailed review of the issue of the blow-out of fallopian tubes, published in № 5 "Kaz. Med. J." for the current year by Dr. Bushmakina. The latter, like many other authors who have written about pertubation, does not indicate that this method, if widely used, may contribute to the frequency of ectopic pregnancy.

Being interested in the question of the prolonged stay of the fetus in the uterus after the expiry of the normal term of pregnancy, I have diligently examined for several years the "Journal of Obstetrics and Women's Diseases" and other obstetrical literature at my disposal, but I have not come across a single report on the subject. For this reason I have taken the liberty of publishing in print a case I have encountered of fetal retention in utero of 15 months, which I think is of some interest.

"Blue disease" is not a separate nosological entity, but represents a certain syndrome accompanying congenital heart defects. Despite the fact that this disease has long been known, nevertheless, its pathogenesis has not yet been definitively established. The former authors explained various individual forms of cardiac birth defects by this syndrome, but now it has been established that "blue disease" is a collective concept and occurs, according to Barye, in septal defects and anomalies of large vessels, and according to Fallop, in simultaneous existence of pulmonary artery stenosis and non-cavitary septum as well as in non-cavitary ductus botalus.

Speaking about syphilis lesions of the central nervous system, it is impossible not to note that these lesions are among the most severe diseases of the latter. But, on the other hand, their severity is redeemed to some extent by the specific means of combating them which we have in our hands. In this case, the fight against neurolues is reduced not so much to its treatment as to its prevention. Hence the interest with which the question of the influence of various conditions on the occurrence of syphilitic lesions of the central nervous system has recently begun to be comprehensively discussed and the exact causes which, from the general number of syphilitics, distinguish the group subsequently condemned to neurolues have been sought to be elucidated.

If injuries of a. mammariae internae are rare, even more rare is the wound of venae mammariae internae as a cause of death. In the literature available to me I have not found anywhere references to such cases, therefore I consider it unnecessary to publish one such case, observed in the practice of our Office.

The antagonist nerves, which, when stimulated, produce opposite effects - inhibition or enhancement of cardiac activity, vasoconstriction or dilation, excitation or inhibition of reflexes - have long since attracted the attention of physiologists. The first attempt to explain the essence of the antagonistic action was made by Ewald Hering, who suggested that the difference in the irritation effect of antagonistic nerves depends on the difference in the processes occurring in their trunks. This idea, however, was not based on any definite data and is absolutely inconsistent with the firmly established modern ideas about the unity of the processes of excitation along the nerve.

Phenolphthalein is still used as an active ingredient of many so-called "weakly acting" laxatives, despite reasonable contraindications. The number of supporters of its use is large; therefore, it is not surprising that it is introduced in more than one hundred and twenty different laxative prescriptions. Phenolphthalein's painless, in one's opinion, action and absence of unpleasant taste were the main reasons for its wide distribution; however, when reviewing the literature on this remedy one doubts whether its prescription is really harmless or not.

The author recommends using Dunkelfeld for this purpose. According to his observations: 1) in a darkened field it is easier to find bacilli, especially when their quantity is scanty; 2) the contrast coloring not only does not hide bacilli, but also makes it possible to see other components of sputum; 3) examination in Dunkelfeld is technically simple and accessible to every physician. The examination of stools and urine for bacilli of Coschus is carried out according to the same principle.

After examining 2,000 tbc patients treated in sanatoriums, the author found that only 40% of them belonged to the hereditarily aggravated, and almost 60% had no aggravation at all.

The author cites a rare case of tuberculosis of the cheek, upper lip and gingiva in an adult patient with simultaneous tbc of the lungs, larynx and intestines. The author interprets this case as a case of generalization of the tbc process in a hematogenous way, which occurred after a number of unfavorable moments (starvation, gypsy).

The authors find no incontrovertible experimental or clinical evidence that any lesion can cause true diabetes. What is certain is that extrainsular glycosuria can arise from severe bodily or mental trauma. Likewise, every bodily or mental trauma can worsen existing diabetes and therefore make hidden diabetes visible.

The author confirms the authors' opinion about the rarity of simultaneous lung tbc and skin tbc. But other skin diseases are relatively common in lung tbc.

Studying the results of tbc treatment with bilateral pneumothorax, the author came to the conclusion that simultaneous performance of artificial pneumothorax on both sides is undesirable. It is more advantageous to perform this operation first on one side and then on the other.

The authors use pneumothorax on the more affected side and phrenisectomy on the other side in bilateral lung tbc. In cases where the lesions are symmetrically located, phrenisectomy is better used on the side that seems clinically and radiographically more prone to sclerosis, while pneumothorax is used on the side with the cavern.

In his lecture on breastfeeding, Prof. F. Külbs summarizes the present state of the doctrine of it as follows: The main symptoms of the disease are constriction of the heart accompanied by fear of death and pain, spreading to the shoulders, arms, throat and chin, or epigastrium and genitals; the trigger for the seizure is: bodily tension, mental excitement, wind, cold, overfilling of the stomach, severe diseases of the female genitalia, but sometimes the seizure appears without any occasion at night; the anatomical lining is degenerative or inflammatory (lues) changes in the venous vessels or the ascending aorta, in an acute course, often a venous embolism; duration of the mild seizures-a few seconds, medium ones-from several minutes to ½ hour, and severe ones to 2 days.

Discussing the issue of an ideal pneumothorax, the authors state that a pneumothorax with collapsing of the affected part of the lung and manometrial pressure not exceeding O is not inferior to a total pneumothorax in its therapeutic effect.

In 25 cases tested on the operating table, the author could state phrenicus-phenomenon (the presence of a painful point between the legs of m. sternocleidomastodei) in 80%. The presence of this symptom indicates, according to the author, not only the presence of cholecystitis, but also the presence of stones.

Usually it is enough to take 1.0 of sodium bromide in the morning and in the evening, especially good helps here sedobrol, a pellet in ½ cup of hot water, also twice a day. Action comes sometimes very quickly, on the next day, sometimes only 2-3 days later, and in some cases it is weak, or does not occur. In any case, the treatment should be continued for at least a week.

The author sees the thoracic attack as a consequence of left ventricular weakness, which is the first stage of insufficiency. In such weakness, a sudden increase in resistance in the peripheral circulation or a sudden increase in blood flow to the heart, moments that increase the work of the latter, can cause an increase in the residual blood in the left ventricle, its distension and an increase in intraventricular pressure.

The author warmly praises the treatment of senile emphysema and chronic bronchitis with the new drugs ephedrae vulgaris-ephedrine and its isomer, synthetically prepared ephetonin.

According to H. Grau, rest in bed is absolutely necessary for mild hemoptysis. Medical examination during pulmonary hemorrhage is, of course, unacceptable. When bleeding from the lower or middle lobes of the lung, lying on the back acts unfavorably. The drugs acting locally or through constriction of vessels should not be used in case of pulmonary bleeding, as well as morphine should be avoided as much as possible.

The author recommends treating paronychia, according to Denks, with a gray mercury ointment, which is applied to a flap of cloth as thick as the back of a knife, and this flap is wrapped around the sore finger, whether there is only redness or whether a purulent blister has already appeared. The bandage is left on the finger for 8 days.

From 374 cases of breast cancer observed during 1915-1925, the authors could trace 139 cases operated on by amputation of the breasts. The more malignant the disease was, the younger the patient was. Duration of time between cancer detection and surgery was 6 months.

The author finds that this disease is most often symmetrical and is the result of the manifestation of constitutional pathological deficiencies in the body, as well as hidden up to that time lesions of the nervous system.

According to Schottmüller'y a tablet of 0.3 or 0.5 pyramidon, when given at the beginning of an attack of hiccups, usually breaks the latter. When the hiccups resume the remedy is repeated, and, according to the author, 5 or more times 0.5 pyramidone can be given in a day without harm.

In cases of rheumatism, acute and chronic, not amenable to salicyl sodium, Schottmüller successfully uses pyramidone 0.3 5-10 times a day. This remedy can be given for weeks without harm.

The operation is technically simple and requires only a few minutes; it is performed under ethyl chloride and local anesthesia, at every stage of the disease. It is often followed by a dramatic strengthening of the body, and remedies that had not helped before, such as arsenic, begin to work again.

The author gives for pinworms in adults sulfur praecipit. together with pulv. liquiritiae compos. ana for 8 days, three times a day, a teaspoonful after meals; then, after an 8-day interval, this treatment should be repeated.    

In 9 cases of gastric postoperative bleeding, very severe and persistent, the author resorted to autohemotherapy and in all cases received a quick stop of bleeding.

The author recommends an ointment with extr. rathaniae for the treatment of chronic, stubbornly non-healing ulcers.

Для пластического закрытия больших дефектов после ампутации грудной железы автор с успехом применил лоскут на ножке, взятый из нижнего края раны; образовавшийся при этом новый дефект кожи автор закрыл вторым нижним лоскутом.

Studies have shown that irritations, in the form of electrifying and tingling, of the rami communicantes cause the following phenomena in humans: C₂ and C₃ - painful sensations at the ear and mandibular teeth, rhythmic contraction and expansion of the pupils accompanied by protrusion and retraction of the eyeball, C₇ - sharp pain in the hand, C₈ - pain in the lower corner of the scapula. Irritation of the upper pole of the ganglion stellatum causes very sharp pain in the arm, irritation of the lower pole of the same ganglion causes pain in the atrial region.

Wegner experimented with glaucosan in simple glaucoma (13 cases), absolute (2 cases), hydrophthalmia (2 cases), glaucomatous iritis (6 cases) and iris lesion (35 cases). ), and it turned out that a good result from subconjunctival glaucozan injections is obtained in those untreated cases of simple glaucoma, where the intraocular pressure fluctuates near the upper limit of normal, where eserine and pilocarpine do not reach the target; in contrast, in absolute glaucoma and hydrophthalmia its use is futile.

In order to prevent adhesion of eyelid margins after operations on the eyeball the author recommends using a dressing with ichthyol ointment (1 part ichthiol, 2 parts vaseline). Such dressing protects the conjunctival sac from tight closure and prevents accumulation of secret in it on the one hand, and on the other hand allows avoiding pressure on the eyeball and stretching of the adhered wound edges when changing the dressing.

The author recommends testing the reaction of the vaginal secretion with litmus: before the rupture of the fetus bladder, the reaction is acidic in the vast majority of cases (147 out of 152 cases), but it is always alkaline after the rupture.

Intravenous injections of pilocarpine as a remedy for postoperative urinary retention are praised by Hinrichsen, who used pilocarpine with consistent success in 38 herniotomy cases.

Prof. zur Nedden has been practicing for about three years in diseases of the eyes the external application of poda in the form of a solution (1:1000 with the addition of 10.0 potassium iodide), or ointment (jodi purl 0.1, vaselini 20.0). Iodotherapy has a twofold purpose: 1) destruction of microbes, 2) excitation of inflammatory hyperemia.

Normally a woman's maximum daily milk production is determined to be 3½ liters. Kollmann, however, observed a 23-year-old woman giving birth for the second time, who produced about 4½ liters daily for 51 weeks.

The author designed an apparatus by means of which it is possible to determine the work of the abdominal muscles and thus judge their condition and the degree of reverse development in the postpartum period. 

From the medical point of view, the author divides these indications into three groups: 1) absolute indications, which include diseases that unconditionally threaten the life of the mother (nephritis of pregnant women, uncontrollable vomiting, pernicious anemia, etc.); 2) relative indications, which include diseases that may worsen during pregnancy (e.g., tbc); 3) social or eugenetic indications.

Ocenta consists of pituitary gland and placenta extracts, vitamins, organic and inorganic compounds of phosphorus, calcium and iron, hemoglobin, soluble protein and carbohydrates. The drug is given 3 times a day with a teaspoon in milk.