For the histological characterization of cancer, the authors put forward 9 factors: 1) specific type of carcinoma, 2) size of cancer cell nuclei, 3) shape of nuclei, 4) clarity of cell borders, 5) functional activity of cells, 6) size of cells, 7) shape of cells, 8) ability of nuclei to stain, and 9) number of mitoses.

The purpose of this paper is to describe several cases of anastomoses of the n. phrenici with sympathetic and with spinal nerves, which anastomoses explain the sensitive nature of the diaphragmatic nerve, which for a long time was considered to be a pure-motor nerve of the thoracic abdominal barrier.

The history of organotherapy is as old as human history, but some stages of its transition to the rational-scientific basis are of great interest for modern evolution of organotherapy as well. It is especially timely to recall now the almost forgotten works of our compatriots, Prof. A.V. Pel and Prof. I.R. Tarkhanov, concerning the relationship between radio- and radiotherapy and organotherapy and the possibility to strengthen the hormone therapy effect of organ drugs by their radioactivation.

Aortic stenosis, in particular its pure form, not combined with aortic valve insufficiency, is the rarest of extrauterine heart defects, so rare that, as Prof. S.S. Zimnitsky points out, in some authors' statistics "this defect does not appear at all". Indeed, in Schnitt's statistics, as well as in Guttmann's statistics cited by Killbs, and in Killbs' own statistics, stenosis ostii aortae is completely silent. Hirschfeider found this defect in only 3% of all his cases, and always in combination with aortic insufficiency. Gerhardt reported this defect 19 times out of 300 cases.

The body has a complex regulatory mechanism to maintain its acid-base balance. The blood reaction, shifted somewhat to the alkaline side, fluctuates within very narrow limits. Even with increased production of acidic metabolic products, the deviation from the normal fluctuations of this individually constant value either does not occur at all or is very insignificant. A stronger deviation of blood Ph to one side or the other is incompatible with life.

From the point of view of the electron theory, static electricity should be understood as a certain mass of electrons concentrating in a certain place and thus having a certain effect on the environment; this is what distinguishes it from galvanic and alternating electricity, where the electrons are constantly in motion. Another important difference between it and these currents is that it has a high voltage.

Anatomical conditions play an important role in the results of any operation, including herniotomy. On the other hand, however, we see that whatever these conditions may be, the imperfection of some methods, e.g., the same Bascini method, remains unchanged. The frequent complaints of operated patients about heaviness in the groin, pain in the testicular and spermatic cord after operations performed lege artis according to this method convince us of this. All this prompts us to turn surgeons' attention to the method of inguinal hernia surgery, once proposed by the late Prof. I.A. Praxin, a method based on the idea of meeting all the requirements of anatomy and physiology, imitating nature itself in detail.

Recently, a number of experimental and clinical studies on the etiology of Chego-phtalmiae essentialis have appeared in the foreign literature. In view of the importance of this question from both theoretical and practical points of view, especially for us oculists working in areas affected by trachoma, we will allow ourselves to share some observations in this field.

If some issues of modern operative gynecology can be referred to the group of borderline areas with surgery, it should be particularly said about ureteral surgery. In itself, such an uncomplicated organ as the ureter requires a highly diverse range of surgeries. Many of them are entirely the domain of surgery, and only as an exception can be found in the practice of a gynecologist, e.g. operations on ureteral stones. But as for ureteral ligation, it seems fair to say that this issue is most of all in the competence of gynecologists. Even in such a solid work as "Surgery of kidneys and ureters" by Prof. Fedorov, almost no attention is paid to this question. As we can see, surgeons had no reason to take up the issue of ureteral ligation in detail, and, on the contrary, this issue becomes particularly acute for gynecologists.

Recently, in the medical literature, both Russian and foreign, more and more reports began to appear on the use for pain relief, as well as for the treatment of various diseases, hypno-suggestionin, a remedy that is far from new, but, due to some circumstances, for a long time forgotten and little researched both experimentally and clinically.
As you know, in the old days, hypnotism was shrouded in a mystical veil, it was in the hands of the majority of ignorant people who had nothing to do with science, and it was considered simply frivolous to engage in it. Subsequently, however, thanks to the research of such prominent representatives of psychiatry as Braid, Liébault, In eau ni, Bernheim, Moll, Forel and many others. others, as well as experimental work of Russian scientists, academicians I. P. Pavlov and V. M. Bekhterev, prof. V. Ya. Danilevsky and others, hypnotism was finally taken out of the limits of mysticism and, having received physiological substantiations, firmly embarked on a broad scientific path.

In the present report we cite the results we obtained by examination of scarlatina and measles patients in 1924 and 1926 at the Contagious Hospital of the Tatnarkomzdrav for the years 1924 and 1926. Such examination of infectious patients for susceptibility to diphtheria is necessary because of comparative frequency of simultaneous disease of scarlatina and diphtheria and ease of joining of diphtheria to scarlatina as well as severity of course of diphtheria observed in measles patients.

Adhering here, as before, to the point of view that the concept of reflex in neurology and neuropathology should not, mainly for practical reasons, be extended to all phenomena of neuro-psychic life, we will consider here only those phenomena in the sexual sphere of women, which by their nature really correspond to the basic concept of reflex, which consists in transferring irritation from the sensory to the motor neuron. Reflexes of the female sexual sphere stand mainly in connection with the processes of sexual intercourse, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

In recent years fungal diseases of the scalp have grown considerably all over our Union, with Ukraine being particularly affected: recently there has been a real epidemic of trichophytosis and favus. Our city and district are not lagging behind in this aspect: for the period from May 1, 1924 to September 1, 1925, 870 patients have passed through my office with these illnesses.

The time is not far off when all psychic phenomena were explained only as manifestations of an immortal soul independent of the body. The time was not yet far off when mental illness was looked upon as the result of an evil spirit having taken possession of the patient's soul, and the treatment of mental illness was reduced to the expulsion of this evil spirit by prayers and incantations. The psychiatrists were then clergymen, and the places of treatment of mental illness were monasteries. Where treatment failed, there was only one way to get rid of the evil spirit - to burn, to destroy the body that became his home.

With a number of new studies the author proves his earlier view that epithelial cells produce a hormone circulating in the blood and passing into milk during lactation. The switching off of this hormone when the epithelial cells are removed leads to a decrease of calcium in the blood and causes tetany.

The authors obtained a new preparation from testicles by fast drying the sap of the latter at low temperature. This drug, called "testofortana", being used in the form of tablets (with an admixture of some other organs of internal secretion and calcium) orally and simultaneously, as an extract, subcutaneously, gave an improvement or complete cure in 80% of 180 cases of human impotence observed by the authors.

Radiant energy acts on a protein molecule, splitting it into its simplest constituent parts, i.e., destroying it. In this case, solar rays and short-wave rays, such as radium and radium rays, have the same effect on the molecule; there is only a quantitative difference.

Having studied, with a fine probe, the gastric juice of 4 adults at rest and after strenuous muscular work, Delhongue found that both gastric secretion and HCI in the gastric juice increased significantly afterwards.

Having applied an intradermal test with typhoid toxin in a significant number of patients suffering from both typhoid fever and other acute febrile illnesses, Alisov and Morozkin came to the conclusion that this reaction is diagnostically equivalent to Widala's reaction, surpassing the latter in the speed of detection and greater technical simplicity.

Experimental blenorrhea can only be obtained in young rabbits, and not every strain of human gonococcus gives a positive result here. Subsequently, the first generations of gonococcus isolated from a rabbit can infect other rabbits almost unmistakably, whereas in subsequent generations the virulence of the culture decreases.

Experiments staged by V.N.Matveev and E.K. Kresling convinced them that not all races of typhoid bacilli are equally sensitive to high temperature: out of 14 cultures out of 4, when milk was heated to 75 ° C, 10 remained viable were killed.

From the skin scales of exfoliating scarlatinoid patients, in many cases, even after careful skin cleaning, it is possible to excrete hemolytic streptococcus. The latter is especially often isolated in the first days of desquamation.

The author obtained good results in 11 cases, in the sense of cessation of typhoid fever or its transfer to a milder form, by injecting patients with the serum of typhoid fever survivors.

The author reports that 9,371 autopsies performed between 1920 and 1926 at the Pathologoanat. The author reports that from the total number of cases of malignant tumors of 1.123 (11.98%) in the Institute of Pathology and Anatomy of Prof. Kiml in Prague 14 multiple cancers were found. Besides 4 cases in which the primary origin of the tumor was questionable, 10 cases (0,107% of all autopsies and 0.89% of malignant tumors) remain, where the primary plurality may be considered as reliable or at least very probable.

The author concluded that the influence of occupational hazards of tobacco production on the morbidity and development of tbc is of secondary importance. The author agrees with German hygienists that the incidence and development of the disease depend mainly on the constitution of the organism and social and domestic conditions, and only in the last instance on the profession.

It is commonly known that fatal pulmonary consumption in adults is usually thought to develop from what is called an apical process. Redeker states, however, that this is only in exceptional cases. The starting point of fatal pulmonary tuberculosis in adults, including galloping one, is usually the "early infiltrate", as R. calls it, which is located mostly in the subclavian region or in the middle part of the lung.

Analyzing his material in 196 cases of artificial pneumothorax, traced from 6 months to 11 years, the author found that in 8% of cases clinical recovery and in 65% - improvement with partial restoration of ability to work, i.e. in 73% of cases artificial pneumothorax justified its use.

At one time, Roffo, for cancer recognition, proposed a reaction based on the fact that a solution of the known Neutralrot dye reacts differently with the blood serum of healthy subjects and cancer patients.

Having studied the clinical course of pulmonary tbc in lutes, the author found that the combination of both infections occurs frequently (64 cases per 1300 patients, i.e. 5%), and tbc added to old tertiary syphilis runs with a tendency to fibrosis, while addition of syphilis to the existing tbc worsens the latter and aggravates the prognosis.

In 88 cases (50 cases of bothriocephalus latus and 38 cases of thaenia), the author expelled the worms with a duodenal probe.

On the basis of numerous observations, Professor L.G. Alekseev concludes that chronic ulcerative colitis is an amicrobial non-infectious disease, often layered on the former ulcerative process (acute bacillary dysentery and other infectious colitis).

During 6 years of observation of the effect of vegetable juices (cabbage, beets, cauliflower, blue cabbage, potatoes) on the secretory functions of the stomach in 20 people with healthy stomachs, in 61 people with sick stomachs and in one dog with the stomach isolated by Heidenhain-Pavlov, Prof. Orlowski came to the conclusion that these juices intensify the gastric secretion and increase its total acidity, free HCI content and pepsin. Orlowski came to the conclusion that these juices intensify the separation of gastric juice and increase in it total acidity, the content of free HCI and pepsin, and the intensification of gastric work is stimulated exclusively by chemical irritation from nitrogenous (non-protein) substances contained in vegetable juices.

In acute bleeding the author recommends physical and mental rest, abstinence from morphine, drip enemas of table salt or grape juice, total abstinence from food for 3 days, if necessary 10% NaCl injections and in case of need cardiac drugs and later ascaline or bismuth with belladonna along with nourishing enemas, careful diet according to Leube or Lenhartz.

The authors concluded that attempts to treat underdevelopment, atrophy and insufficient endocrine gland activity by conventional transplantation of similar glands from another person or from animals are based on a theoretically incorrect position, and quite naturally they either have no result at all or have only a short-term effect.

The author tested a new remedy for local anesthesia-S. F. 147 and found that it is well soluble in water, its solutions do not change when sterilized by boiling, its effect is enhanced by the addition of adrenaline.

The author performed 19 inguinal and 2 femoral herniotomies and one appendectomy under local anesthesia of the lumbar plexus according to the Bucsh'a method.

The author concluded that blood transfusion is one of the best ways to combat deoxidation and blood stasis, as well as against falling blood pressure, and the best effect from it is obtained when from the beginning of disorders has passed no more than 1-2 hours. In the pre- and postoperative period it is often a necessary measure to increase the chances of a successful operation.

The author reports two cases of severe itching in the anus area that could not be treated conservatively. Excision of the eczematous area was also unsuccessful.

Performing a series of studies on subvital processes in the isolated eye, the author obtained data which fully confirm his long-standing thoughts that the function of intraocular pressure regulation belongs to the vascular walls, and that glaucoma is a disease characterized by disturbed compensation of intraocular pressure due to changes in the physical and physiological properties of the vascular walls.

The author reports orbital phlegmon developed after lacrimal sac extirpation (the operation in this case was accompanied by heavy bleeding and tearing of the highly altered lacrimal sac at its entrance into the bone canal).

G. B. Stepanov reports the results of a study on the presence of Proryazek'a bodies in 786 cases, of which 655 were examined with trachoma con'yunctiva scrapings, 58 with follicle contents from trachoma patients and 73 with con'yunctiva scrapings from non-trachoma patients.

The author, not satisfied with the bridle suture on the muscle in operations on the eyeball, offers a new method of fixation of the latter.

Based on theoretical considerations and experiments, the author came to the conclusion that the best remedy for softening scars is a saturated solution of urea with an addition of potassium rhodanide.

In order to diagnose early pregnancy, the author injects a woman intravenously with 1 qt of pituizine. In case of pregnancy in 10-20 seconds the bimanual examination easily detects a sharp uterine contraction, which lasts from 1 to 5 min, after which the uterus begins to soften again.

When reviewing the methods of artificial induction of uterine contractions in women in labor, the author notes that the mechanical method of Gauss could be replaced by the electric stool Vergonié or procteirinter. The Stein's method (castor oil, pituitrin), which gave the author only 50% positive results, is considered by O. to be no better than the quinine method of inducing contractions.

In discussing the causes of infertility, the author notes that part of the cases with unclear etiology depends on sperm immunity. In one third of infertile marriages the husband is directly responsible for infertility, in another third he indirectly causes infertility (transmission of gonorrhea to the wife), and only in one third of cases the cause of infertility lies with the woman herself.

For artificial insemination the author considers suitable cases where the obstruction lies in the cervix, or it is unknown, as well as cases of impotentiae coeundi. The author admits that cervical stenosis is a mechanical obstacle, which the spermatozoa are unable to overcome.

On the basis of clinical and pathological-anatomical studies of 300 myomas S. concludes that the only scientifically acceptable cause of myomas is syphilis. This is supported by the following considerations: the onset of maturation in myoma patients proceeds with the phenomena of hypothyroidism and hyperfunction of the ovaries and pituitary gland; this congenital dystrophy,-the so-called neuroarthritismus, or congestive diathesis, is actually a congenital syphilitic dystrophy. In 100% of all cases of patients with uterine myomas, the author was able to prove the presence of hereditary syphilitic diseases on the part of the father or mother.

Using the Stoeskelelʹya clinic material, the author confirms the indications of other authors who say that the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation increases with the onset of cancer recurrence.