Land rehabilitation improves edaphic conditions and increases soil microbial biomass and abundance
Dong Liu, Baorong Wang, Parag Bhople, Fayzmamad Davlatbekov, Fuqiang Yu
Land rehabilitation improves edaphic conditions and increases soil microbial biomass and abundance
Rehabilitation of farmland improves the local eco-environmental conditions. But to what extent this transformation influences soil microbial properties is less known. In our study we compared variations in soil microbial attributes following changes in land-use types to understand the influence of altered soil properties on microbial biomass and their community structure using chloroform fumigation extraction method and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. For this purpose, 3 agricultural (AL) (farmland, apple orchard and 2 years abandoned land) and 4 rehabilitated lands (RL) of various vegetations grassland, shrubland, mixed forest (Amorpha fruticosa and Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) and forest (Robinia pseudoacacia) were selected. Our results showed higher soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in RL soils (forest>mixed forest>grassland>shrub land) than that in AL soils. In RL soils, soil microbial biomass and abundance of group specific PLFA were significantly higher than those in AL soils. Under different land-use types, microbial community was bacteria dominated over fungi. The microbial physiological indices (G+/G−, cyc/prec and S/M) indicated decreased environmental stress in RL soils in comparison with AL soils. In loess soils, SOC and total N correlated positively (p<0.05) with microbial biomass C, N and P and also with fungal and bacterial PLFA, indicating a positive microbial mediation in improving soil fertility. Taking together, our findings suggest that land rehabilitation, especially Robinia pseudoacacia planation, improves overall edaphic conditions and accelerates soil microbial biomass accumulation in local regions.
Land-use change / Soil microbial carbon / Chloroform fumigation extraction / PLFA / Physiological indices
[1] |
Achat, D.L., Augusto, L., Bakker, M.R., Gallet-Budynek, A., Morel, C., 2012. Microbial processes controlling P availability in forest spodosols as affected by soil depth and soil properties. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 44, 39–48
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Almagro, M., Querejeta, J.I., Boix-Fayos, C., Martínez-Mena, M., 2013. Links between vegetation patterns, soil C and N pools and respiration rate under three different land uses in a dry Mediterranean ecosystem. Journal of Soils and Sediments 13, 641–653
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
An, S.S., Cheng, Y., Huang, Y.M., Liu, D., 2012. Effects of revegetation on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and nutrient cycling on the Loess Plateau in China. Restoration Ecology 21, 600–607
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Aoki, M., Fujii, K., Kitayama, K., 2012. Environmental control of root exudation of low-molecular weight organic acids in tropical rainforests. Ecosystems 15, 1194–1203
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Bååth, E., Anderson, T.H., 2003. Comparison of soil fungal/bacterial ratios in a pH gradient using physiological and PLFA-based techniques. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 35, 955–963
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Bao, S.D., 2007. Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis, 3rd edition. Beijing: China Agriculture Press.
|
[7] |
Brookes, P.C., Powlson, D.S., Jenkinson, D.S., 1982. Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 14, 319–329
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Buckeridge, K.M., Banerjee, S., Siciliano, S.D., Grogan, P., 2013. The seasonal pattern of soil microbial community structure in mesic low arctic tundra. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 65, 338–347
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Cookson, W.R., Osman, M., Marschner, P., Abaye, D.A., Clark, I., Murphy, D.V., Stockdale, E.A., Watson, C.A., 2007. Controls on soil nitrogen cycling and microbial community composition across land use and incubation temperature. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 744–756
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Corti, G., Agnelli, A., Cuniglio, R., Sanjurjo, M.F., Cocco, S., 2005. Characteristics of Rhizosphere Soil from Natural and Agricultural Environments. In: Huang, P.M., Gobran G.R., eds. Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in the Rhizosphere. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 57–128.
|
[11] |
Courty, P.E., Buée, M., Diedhiou, A.G., Frey-Klett, P., Le Tacon, F., Rineau, F., Turpault, M.P., Uroz, S., Garbaye, J., 2010. The role of ectomycorrhizal communities in forest ecosystem processes: New perspectives and emerging concepts. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42, 679–698
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
de Andrés, F., Walter, I., Tenorio, J.L., 2007. Revegetation of abandoned agricultural land amended with biosolids. Science of the Total Environment 378, 81–83
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Reich, P.B., Khachane, A.N., Campbell, C.D., Thomas, N., Freitag, T.E., Abu Al-Soud, W., Sørensen, S., Bardgett, R.D., Singh, B.K., 2017. It is elemental: soil nutrient stoichiometry drives bacterial diversity. Environmental Microbiology 19, 1176–1188
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Deng, L., Shangguan, Z., Li, R., 2012. Effects of the grain-for-green program on soil erosion in China. International Journal of Sediment Research 27, 120–127
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Deng, L., Shangguan, Z.P., Sweeney, S., 2013. Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen following land abandonment of farmland on the Loess Plateau, China. PLoS One 8, e71923
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Drenovsky, R.E., Elliott, G.N., Graham, K.J., Scow, K.M., 2004. Comparison of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and total soil fatty acid methyl esters (TSFAME) for characterizing soil microbial communities. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36, 1793–1800
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Drenovsky, R.E., Steenwerth, K.L., Jackson, L.E., Scow, K.M., 2010. Land use and climatic factors structure regional patterns in soil microbial communities. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19, 27–39
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Fazhu, Z., Jiao, S., Chengjie, R., Di, K., Jian, D., Xinhui, H., Gaihe, Y., Yongzhong, F., Guangxin, R., 2015. Land use change influences soil C, N and P stoichiometry under ‘Grain-to-Green Program’ in China. Scientific Reports 5, 10195
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Fierer, N., Schimel, J.P., Holden, P.A., 2003. Influence of drying-rewetting frequency on soil bacterial community structure. Microbial Ecology 45, 63–71
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Frostegård, A., Bååth, E., 1996. The use of phospholipid fatty acid analysis to estimate bacterial and fungal biomass in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 22, 59–65
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Frostegard, A., Tunlid, A., Baath, E., 1993. Phospholipid fatty acid composition, biomass, and activity of microbial communities from two soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy metals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 3605–3617
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Graesser, J., Aide, T.M., Grau, H.R., Ramankutty, N., 2015. Cropland/pastureland dynamics and the slowdown of deforestation in Latin America. Environmental Research Letters 10, 034017
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Grayston, S.J., Campbell, C.D., Bardgett, R.D., Mawdsley, J.L., Clegg, C.D., Ritz, K., Griffiths, B.S., Rodwell, J.S., Edwards, S.J., Davies, W.J., Elston, D.J., Millard, P., 2004. Assessing shifts in microbial community structure across a range of grasslands of differing management intensity using CLPP, PLFA and community DNA techniques. Applied Soil Ecology 25, 63–84
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Guan, X., Wang, J., Zhao, H., Wang, J., Luo, X., Liu, F., Zhao, F., 2013. Soil bacterial communities shaped by geochemical factors and land use in a less-explored area, Tibetan Plateau. BMC Genomics 14, 820
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Guo, S., Han, X., Li, H., Wang, T., Tong, X., Ren, G., Feng, Y., Yang, G., 2018. Evaluation of soil quality along two revegetation chronosequences on the Loess Hilly Region of China. Science of the Total Environment 633, 808–815
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Güsewell, S., Gessner, M.O., 2009. N:P ratios influence litter decomposition and colonization by fungi and bacteria in microcosms. Functional Ecology 23, 211–219
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Havlin, J.L., Kissel, D.E., Maddux, L.D., Claassen, M.M., Long, J.H., 1990. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, 448–452
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Holl, K.D., 2002. Effect of shrubs on tree seedling establishment in an abandoned tropical pasture. Journal of Ecology 90, 179–187
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Hoyle, F.C., Murphy, D.V., 2011. Influence of organic residues and soil incorporation on temporal measures of microbial biomass and plant available nitrogen. Plant and Soil 347, 53–64
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Iyyemperumal, K., Israel, D.W., Shi, W., 2007. Soil microbial biomass, activity and potential nitrogen mineralization in a pasture: Impact of stock camping activity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 149–157
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Jangid, K., Williams, M.A., Franzluebbers, A.J., Schmidt, T.M., Coleman, D.C., Whitman, W.B., 2011. Land-use history has a stronger impact on soil microbial community composition than aboveground vegetation and soil properties. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 43, 2184–2193
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Joergensen, R., Wichern, F., 2008. Quantitative assessment of the fungal contribution to microbial tissue in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40, 2977–2991
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Joergensen, R.G., Mueller, T., 1996. The fumigation-extraction method to estimate soil microbial biomass: Calibration of the kEN value. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 28, 33–37
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Kim, Y., Ullah, S., Moore, T.R., Roulet, N.T., 2014. Dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen production by boreal soils and litter: The role of flooding, oxygen concentration, and temperature. Biogeochemistry 118, 35–48
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Knoke, T., Bendix, J., Pohle, P., Hamer, U., Hildebrandt, P., Roos, K., Gerique, A., Sandoval, M.L., Breuer, L., Tischer, A., Silva, B., Calvas, B., Aguirre, N., Castro, L.M., Windhorst, D., Weber, M., Stimm, B., Günter, S., Palomeque, X., Mora, J., Mosandl, R., Beck, E., 2014. Afforestation or intense pasturing improve the ecological and economic value of abandoned tropical farmlands. Nature Communications 5, 5612
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Kooijman, A.M., Van Mourik, J.M., Schilder, M.L.M., 2009. The relationship between N mineralization or microbial biomass N with micromorphological properties in beech forest soils with different texture and pH. Biology and Fertility of Soils 45, 449–459
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[37] |
Kou, M., Garcia-Fayos, P., Hu, S., Jiao, J., 2016a. The effect of Robinia pseudoacacia afforestation on soil and vegetation properties in the Loess Plateau (China): A chronosequence approach. Forest Ecology and Management 375, 146–158
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Kou, M., Jiao, J., Yin, Q., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Yu, W., Wei, Y., Yan, F., Cao, B., 2016b. Successional trajectory over 10years of vegetation restoration of abandoned slope croplands in the Hill-Gully Region of the Loess Plateau. Land Degradation & Development 27, 919–932
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Lapola, D.M., Martinelli, L.A., Peres, C.A., Ometto, J.P.H.B., Ferreira, M.E., Nobre, C.A., Aguiar, A.P.D., Bustamante, M.M.C., Cardoso, M.F., Costa, M.H., Joly, C.A., Leite, C.C., Moutinho, P., Sampaio, G., Strassburg, B.B.N., Vieira, I.C.G., 2014. Pervasive transition of the Brazilian land-use system. Nature Climate Change 4, 27–35
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Lauber, C.L., Ramirez, K.S., Aanderud, Z., Lennon, J., Fierer, N., 2013. Temporal variability in soil microbial communities across land-use types. ISME Journal 7, 1641–1650
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[41] |
Lauber, C.L., Strickland, M.S., Bradford, M.A., Fierer, N., 2008. The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40, 2407–2415
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Li, J., Tong, X., Awasthi, M.K., Wu, F., Ha, S., Ma, J., Sun, X., He, C., 2018. Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities along a chronosequence of desertified land revegetation. Ecological Engineering 111, 22–30
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[43] |
Li, Q., Liang, J.H., He, Y.Y., Hu, Q.J., Yu, S., 2014. Effect of land use on soil enzyme activities at karst area in Nanchuan, Chongqing, Southwest China. Plant, Soil and Environment 60, 15–20
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[44] |
Liu, D., An, S.S., Cheng, Y., Keiblinger, K., Huang, Y.M., 2014a. Variability in soil microbial biomass and diversity among different aggregate-size fractions of different land use types. Soil Science 179, 242–249
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[45] |
Liu, D., Huang, Y., Sun, H., An, S., 2018b. The restoration age of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation impacts soil microbial biomass and microbial community structure in the Loess Plateau. Catena 165, 192–200
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[46] |
Liu, D., Keiblinger, K.M., Leitner, S., Mentler, A., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., 2016. Is there a convergence of deciduous leaf litter stoichiometry, biochemistry and microbial population during decay? Geoderma 272, 93–100
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[47] |
Liu, D., Keiblinger, K.M., Leitner, S., Wegner, U., Zimmermann, M., Fuchs, S., Lassek, C., Riedel, K., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., 2019. Response of microbial communities and their metabolic functions to drying–rewetting stress in a temperate forest soil. Microorganisms 7, 129–142
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[48] |
Liu, D., Yang, Y., An, S., Wang, H., Wang, Y., 2018d. The biogeographical distribution of soil bacterial communities in the loess plateau as revealed by high-throughput sequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 9
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[49] |
Liu, H.Y., Huang, Y., An, S., Sun, H., Bhople, P., Chen, Z., 2018a. Soil physicochemical and microbial characteristics of contrasting land-use types along soil depth gradients. Catena 162, 345–353
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[50] |
Liu, J., Sui, Y., Yu, Z., Shi, Y., Chu, H., Jin, J., Liu, X., Wang, G., 2014b. High throughput sequencing analysis of biogeographical distribution of bacterial communities in the black soils of northeast China. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 70, 113–122
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[51] |
Liu, X., Liu, X., Shao, X., Songer, M., He, B., He, X., Zhu, Y., 2018c. Plant diversity patterns of temperate forests with logging and restoration practices in northwest China. Ecological Engineering 124, 116–122
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[52] |
Martens, D., 2000. Plant residue biochemistry regulates soil carbon cycling and carbon sequestration. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 361–369
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[53] |
McGuire, K.L., Bent, E., Borneman, J., Majumder, A., Allison, S.D., Treseder, K.K., 2010. Functional diversity in resource use by fungi. Ecology 91, 2324–2332
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[54] |
Menyailo, O.V., Hungate, B.A., Abraham, W.R., Conrad, R., 2008. Changing land use reduces soil CH4 uptake by altering biomass and activity but not composition of high-affinity methanotrophs. Global Change Biology 14, 2405–2419
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[55] |
Nilsson, S., 2015. Global trends and possible future land use. In: Westholm, E., Lindahl B. K., Kraxner, F., eds. The Future Use of Nordic Forests: A Global Perspective. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 43–62.
|
[56] |
Nu, R.K., 1999. Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.
|
[57] |
O’Connor, R.J., 1988. Multivariate analysis of ecological communities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3, 121
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[58] |
Olsson, P.A., 1999. Signature fatty acids provide tools for determination of the distribution and interactions of mycorrhizal fungi in soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 29, 303–310
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[59] |
Ordway, E.M., Asner, G.P., Lambin, E.F., 2017. Deforestation risk due to commodity crop expansion in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Research Letters 12, 044015
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[60] |
Poyatos, R., Latron, J., Llorens, P., 2003. Land use and land cover change after agricultural abandonment. Mountain Research and Development 23, 362–368
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[61] |
Raiesi, F., 2012a. Land abandonment effect on N mineralization and microbial biomass N in a semi-arid calcareous soil from Iran. Journal of Arid Environments 76, 80–87
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[62] |
Raiesi, F., 2012b. Soil properties and C dynamics in abandoned and cultivated farmlands in a semi-arid ecosystem. Plant and Soil 351, 161–175
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[63] |
Riitters, K.H., Wickham, J.D., Wade, T.G., Vogt, P., 2012. Global survey of anthropogenic neighborhood threats to conservation of grass-shrub and forest vegetation. Journal of Environmental Management 97, 116–121
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[64] |
Schloter, M., Dilly, O., Munch, J.C., 2003. Indicators for evaluating soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 98, 255–262
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[65] |
Shen, C., Xiong, J., Zhang, H., Feng, Y., Lin, X., Li, X., Liang, W., Chu, H., 2013. Soil pH drives the spatial distribution of bacterial communities along elevation on Changbai Mountain. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 57, 204–211
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[66] |
Singh, K., Singh, B., Singh, R.R., 2012. Changes in physico-chemical, microbial and enzymatic activities during restoration of degraded sodic land: Ecological suitability of mixed forest over monoculture plantation. Catena 96, 57–67
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[67] |
Starke, R., Kermer, R., Ullmann-Zeunert, L., Baldwin, I.T., Seifert, J., Bastida, F., von Bergen, M., Jehmlich, N., 2016. Bacteria dominate the short-term assimilation of plant-derived N in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 96, 30–38
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[68] |
Stirzaker, R.J., Passioura, J.B., Wilms, Y., 1996. Soil structure and plant growth: Impact of bulk density and biopores. Plant and Soil 185, 151–162
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[69] |
Strickland, M.S., Rousk, J., 2010. Considering fungal:bacterial dominance in soils – Methods, controls, and ecosystem implications. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42, 1385–1395
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[70] |
Syers, J.K., 1997. Managing soils for long-term productivity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 352, 1011–1021
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[71] |
Tian, F., Feng, X., Zhang, L., Fu, B., Wang, S., Lv, Y., Wang, P., 2017. Effects of revegetation on soil moisture under different precipitation gradients in the Loess Plateau, China. Hydrology Research 48, 1378–1390
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[72] |
Torsvik, V., Øvreås, L., 2002. Microbial diversity and function in soil: From genes to ecosystems. Current Opinion in Microbiology 5, 240–245
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[73] |
van Asselen, S., Verburg, P.H., 2013. Land cover change or land-use intensification: simulating land system change with a global-scale land change model. Global Change Biology 19, 3648–3667
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[74] |
Van Wijk, M.T., Williams, M., Gough, L., Hobbie, S.E., Shaver, G.R., 2003. Luxury consumption of soil nutrients: A possible competitive strategy in above-ground and below-ground biomass allocation and root morphology for slow-growing arctic vegetation? Journal of Ecology 91, 664–676
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[75] |
Volkmar, K.M., 1993. A comparison of minirhizotron techniques for estimating root length density in soils of different bulk densities. Plant and Soil 157, 239–245
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[76] |
Wang, B., Liu, G., Xue, S., Zhu, B., 2011. Changes in soil physico-chemical and microbiological properties during natural succession on abandoned farmland in the Loess Plateau. Environmental Earth Sciences 62, 915–925
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[77] |
Wang, J., Liu, L., Qiu, X., Wei, Y., Li, Y., Shi, Z., 2016. Contents of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates in abandoned agricultural lands in an arid ecosystem of Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land 8, 350–363
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[78] |
Wang, Z., Liu, G., Xu, M.X., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Tang, L., 2012. Temporal and spatial variations in soil organic carbon sequestration following revegetation in the hilly Loess Plateau, China. Catena 99, 26–33
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[79] |
Wang, Z.J., Jiao, J.Y., Su, Y., Chen, Y., 2014. The efficiency of large-scale afforestation with fish-scale pits for revegetation and soil erosion control in the steppe zone on the hill-gully Loess Plateau. Catena 115, 159–167
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[80] |
Weigelt, A., Bol, R., Bardgett, R.D., 2005. Preferential uptake of soil nitrogen forms by grassland plant species. Oecologia 142, 627–635
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[81] |
Wheeler, K.A., Hurdman, B.F., Pitt, J.I., 1991. Influence of pH on the growth of some toxigenic species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. International Journal of Food Microbiology 12, 141–149
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[82] |
Wu, J., Joergensen, R.G., Pommerening, B., Chaussod, R., Brookes, P.C., 1990. Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation-extraction—an automated procedure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 22, 1167–1169
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[83] |
Wu, Y., Ma, B., Zhou, L., Wang, H., Xu, J., Kemmitt, S., Brookes, P.C., 2009. Changes in the soil microbial community structure with latitude in eastern China, based on phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Applied Soil Ecology 43, 234–240
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[84] |
Wu, Y.T., Gutknecht, J., Nadrowski, K., Geißler, C., Kühn, P., Scholten, T., Both, S., Erfmeier, A., Böhnke, M., Bruelheide, H., Wubet, T., Buscot, F., 2012. Relationships between soil microorganisms, plant communities, and soil characteristics in Chinese subtropical forests. Ecosystems (New York, N.Y.) 15, 624–636
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[85] |
Xiao, L., Liu, G., Zhang, J., Xue, S., 2016. Long-term effects of vegetational restoration on soil microbial communities on the Loess Plateau of China. Restoration Ecology 24, 794–804
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[86] |
Xu, M., Zhang, J., Liu, G., Yamanaka, N., 2014. Soil properties in natural grassland, Caragana korshinskii planted shrubland, and Robinia pseudoacacia planted forest in gullies on the hilly Loess Plateau, China. Catena 119, 116–124
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[87] |
Xu, Q., Jiang, P., Wang, H., 2010. Improvement of biochemical and biological properties of eroded red soil by artificial revegetation. Journal of Soils and Sediments 10, 255–262
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[88] |
Xu, X., Zhang, T., Zhang, W., 2009. Function types and dynamic of landscape patchs along Zhifanggou watershed in last 25 years. Linye Kexue 45, 154–160.
|
[89] |
Yang, Y., Dou, Y., An, S., 2018. Testing association between soil bacterial diversity and soil carbon storage on the Loess Plateau. Science of the Total Environment 626, 48–58
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[90] |
Zelles, L., Bai, Q.Y., Ma, R.X., Rackwitz, R., Winter, K., Beese, F., 1994. Microbial biomass, metabolic activity and nutritional status determined from fatty acid patterns and poly-hydroxybutyrate in agriculturally-managed soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26, 439–446
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[91] |
Zhang, C., Xue, S., Liu, G., Song, Z.L., 2011b. A comparison of soil qualities of different revegetation types in the Loess Plateau, China. Plant and Soil 347, 163–178
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[92] |
Zhang, G., Chan, K.Y., Li, G.D., Huang, G., 2011a. The effects of stubble retention and tillage practices on surface soil structure and hydraulic conductivity of a loess soil. Acta Ecologica Sinica 31, 298–302
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[93] |
Zhao, F., Han, X., Yang, G., Feng, Y., Ren, G., 2013. Policy-guided nationwide ecological recovery: Assessment of the Grain-to-Green Program of China. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 11, 1882–1890.
|
/
〈 | 〉 |