Feasibility study of a diesel-powered hybrid DMU

Abstract

Nowadays, the interest in hybrid vehicles is constantly increasing, not only in the automotive sector, but also in other transportation systems, to reduce pollution and emissions and to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicles. Although railway vehicles are typically the most eco-friendly transportation system, since commonly their primary energy source is electricity, they can still gain benefits from hybrid technologies, as many lines worldwide are not electrified. In fact, hybrid solutions allow ICE-powered (internal combustion engine) railway vehicles, such as diesel multiple units (DMUs), to operate in full-electric mode even when the track lacks electrification. The possibility to switch to full electric mode is of paramount importance when the vehicle runs on urban or underground track sections, where low or zero emission levels are required. We conduct the feasibility study of hybridization of an existing DMU vehicle, designed by Blue Engineering S.r.l., running on the Aosta–Torino Italian railway line, which includes a non-electrified urban track section and an electrified underground section. The hybridization is obtained by replacing one of the diesel generators installed on the original vehicle with a battery pack, which ensures the vehicle to operate in full-electric mode to complete its mission profile. The hybridization is also exploited to implement a regenerative braking strategy, which allows an increase in the energetical efficiency of the vehicle up to 18%. This work shows the sizing of the battery pack based on dynamic simulations performed on the Turin underground track section, and the results demonstrate the feasibility of the hybridization process.

References

[1] IEA (2016) Railway handbook 2016. IEA, Paris

[2] Bosso N, Magelli M, Zampieri N. Application of low-power energy harvesting solutions in the railway field: a review. Veh Syst Dyn 2020, 59 6 1-31

[3] Key Messages for COP21 (2010) UNIFE, Brussels

[4] Enno Wiebe JS (2010) Innovative integrated energy efficiency solutions for railway rolling stock, rail infrastructure and train operation. UIC-UNIFE

[5] Walker AM, Lampérth MU, Wilkins S. On friction braking demand with regenerative braking. SAE Trans 2002, 111 2139-2145

[6] Devaux F, Tackoen X (2014) Guidelines for braking energy recovery systems in urban rail networks. Ticket to Kyoto Project

[7] Clegg SJ (1996) A Review of regenerative braking systems. Dissertation, University Of Leeds

[8] Jiang Y, Liu J, Tian W, Shahidehpour M, Krishnamurthy M. Energy harvesting for the electrification of railway stations: getting a charge from the regenerative braking of trains. IEEE Electrification Mag 2014, 2 3 39-48

[9] Cody J, Göl Ö, Nedic Z, Nafalski A, Mohtar A. Regenerative braking in an electric vehicle. Electr Mach 2009, 81 113-118

[10] Ghaviha N, Campillo J, Bohlin M, Dahlquist E. Review of application of energy storage devices in railway transportation. Energy Procedia 2017, 105 4561-4568

[11] Ogasa M. Application of energy storage technologies for electric railway vehicles—examples with hybrid electric railway vehicles. IEEJ Trans Electr Electron Eng 2010, 5 3 304-311

[12] King C, Vecia G, Thompson I (2015) Innovative technologies for light rail and tram: a European reference resource. INTERREG IVB North-West Europe

[13] Nishimura K, Takasaki T, Sakai T. Introduction of large-sized nickel–metal hydride battery GIGACELL® for industrial applications. J Alloy Compd 2013, 580 sup1 S353-S358

[14] Rufer A (2010) Energy storage for railway systems, energy recovery and vehicle autonomy in Europe. In: IPEC 2010: international power electronics conference, Sapporo, Japan, 21–24 June 2010:3124–3127

[15] Swanson J, Smatlak J (2015) State-of-the-art in light rail alternative power supplies. In: 13th National Light Rail and Streetcar Conference, Minneapolis, 2015:47

[16] Mukai D, Kobayashi K, Kurahashi T, Matsueda N, Hashizaki K, Kogure M. Development of large high-performance lithium-ion batteries for power storage and industrial use. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Tech Rev 2012, 49 1 6-11

[17] Nagaura Y, Oishi R, Shimada M, Kaneko T. Battery-powered drive systems: latest technologies and outlook. Hitachi Rev 2017, 66 2 138-144

[18] Barrow K (2015) Battery-electric multiple unit enters service. International Railway Journal. https://www.railjournal.com/rolling-stock/british-battery-electric-multiple-unit-enters-service/. Accessed 13 Jan 2015

[19] Chen H, Cong TN, Yang W, Tan C, Li Y, Ding Y. Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review. Prog Nat Sci 2009, 19 3 291-312

[20] Steiner M, Klohr M, Pagiela S (2007) Energy storage system with ultracaps on board of railway vehicles. In: 2007 European conference on power electronics and applications, Aalborg, 2007:1–10

[21] Sitras HES-Hybrid energy storage system for rail vehicles (2010) SIEMENS

[22] Moskowitz J, Cohuau J (2010) STEEM: ALSTOM and RATP experience of supercapacitors in tramway operation. In: 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Lille, 2010: 1–5

[23] Bolund B, Bernhoff H, Leijon M. Flywheel energy and power storage systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2007, 11 2 235-258

[24] Hadjipaschalis I, Poullikkas A, Efthimiou V. Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2009, 13 6 1513-1522

[25] Amiryar ME, Pullen KR. A review of flywheel energy storage system technologies and their applications. Appl Sci 2017, 7 3 286

[26] Gee AM, Dunn RW. Analysis of trackside flywheel energy storage in light rail systems. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 2015, 64 9 3858-3869

[27] Lee H, Jung S, Cho Y, Yoon D, Jang G. Peak power reduction and energy efficiency improvement with the superconducting flywheel energy storage in electric railway system. Physica C 2013, 494 246-249

[28] Spiryagin M, Wolfs P, Szanto F, Sun YQ, Cole C, Nielsen D. Application of flywheel energy storage for heavy haul locomotives. Appl Energy 2015, 157 607-618

[29] Rupp A, Baier H, Mertiny P, Secanell M. Analysis of a flywheel energy storage system for light rail transit. Energy 2016, 107 625-638

[30] Somà A, Bruzzese F, Mocera F, Viglietti E. Hybridization factor and performance of hybrid electric telehandler vehicle. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2016, 52 6 5130-5138

[31] Soma A, Mocera F, Bruzzese F, Viglietti E (2016) Simulation of dynamic performances of electric-hybrid heavy working vehicles. In: 2016 Eleventh international conference on ecological vehicles and renewable energies (EVER), Monte Carlo, 2016:1–8

[32] Somà A. Trends and hybridization factor for heavy-duty working vehicles. Hybrid Electr Veh 2017

[33] Mocera F, Somà A. Working cycle requirements for an electrified architecture of a vertical feed mixer vehicle. Procedia Struct Integr 2018, 12 213-223

[34] Bosso N, Magelli M, Zampieri N. Development and validation of a new code for longitudinal train dynamics simulation. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit 2021, 235 3 286-299

[35] Bosso N, Magelli M, Zampieri N. Long train dynamic simulation by means of a new in-house code. WIT Trans Built Environ 2020, 199 249-259

[36] Spiryagin M, Wu Q, Cole C. International benchmarking of longitudinal train dynamics simulators: benchmarking questions. Veh Syst Dyn 2017, 55 4 450-463

[37] Wu Q, Spiryagin M, Cole C, Chang C . International benchmarking of longitudinal train dynamics simulators: results. Veh Syst Dyn 2018, 56 3 343-365

[38] Rochard BP, Schmid F. A review of methods to measure and calculate train resistances. Proc Ins Mech Eng Part F: J Rail and Rapid Transit 2000, 214 4 185-199

[39] Spiryagin M, Cole C, Sun YQ, McClanachan M, Spiryagin V, McSweeney T. Vantsevich VV. Longitudinal train dynamics. Design and simulation of rail vehicles 2014 Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 129-198

[40] Bosso N, Magelli M, Rossi Bartoli L, Zampieri N (2021) The influence of resistant force equations and coupling system on long train dynamics simulations. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097211001149

[41] Linden D, Reddy TB. Linden D, Reddy TB. Lithium batteries. Handbook of batteries 2013 New York McGraw-Hill

[42] Lijun G, Shengyi L, Dougal RA. Dynamic lithium-ion battery model for system simulation. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Technol 2002, 25 3 495-505

[43] Tremblay O, Dessaint L, Dekkiche A (2007) A generic battery model for the dynamic simulation of hybrid electric vehicles. In: 2007 IEEE vehicle power and propulsion conference, Arlington, 2007, pp 284–289

[44] Basu S, Hariharan KS, Kolake SM, Song T, Sohn DK, Yeo T. Coupled electrochemical thermal modelling of a novel Li-ion battery pack thermal management system. Appl Energy 2016, 181 1-13

[45] Vergori E, Mocera F, Somà A (2017) Battery modeling and simulation using a programmable testing equipment. In: 2017 9th computer science and electronic engineering (CEEC), Torino, 2017, pp 162–167

[46] Mocera F, Vergori E, Somà A. Battery performance analysis for working vehicle applications. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2020, 56 1 644-653