The international Human Genome Project: A milestone for life sciences and humanity−The three stages and three major impacts of the HGP, and three contributions by China

References

[1] LanderS., E.M., LintonC.. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 2001, 409 : 860– 921

[2] Sharp, P. (2014) A speech at the annual meeting in 2014 of AAAS. Chicago

[3] GibbsR. A.. The Human Genome Project changed everything. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2020, 21 : 575– 576

[4] Cantor, C. R. Biotechnology and the Human Genome Project, Serving Science and Society in the New Millenium: DOE’s Biological and Environmental Research Program. Accessed: June 15, 2021

[5] BlattnerR., F.3rd, PlunkettA., G.T., BlochD., C.K., PernaF.. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science, 1997, 277 : 1453– 1462

[6] GoffeauG., A.W., BarrellD.. Life with 6000 genes. Science, 1996, 274 : 546– 567

[7] The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium. (1998) Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. Science, 282, 2012−2018

[8] AdamsD., M.E., CelnikerA., S.A., HoltD., R.G., EvansE., C.W., GocayneA., J.F.. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 2000, 287 : 2185– 2195

[9] FederspielN.. Deciphering a weed. Genomic sequencing of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 2000, 124 : 1456– 1459

[10] HoweD., K.F., ClarkE.. The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome. Nature, 2013, 496 : 498– 503

[11] AparicioM.. Whole-genome shotgun assembly and analysis of the genome of Fugu rubripes. Science, 2002, 297 : 1301– 1310

[12] WaterstonH., R.F.. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature, 2002, 420 : 520– 562

[13] InternationalHapMap Consortium. A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature, 2005, 437 : 1299– 1320

[14] BakerM.. Big biology: The’omes puzzle. Nature, 2013, 494 : 416– 419

[15] Friend, S. (2011) Opinion: Thinking outside the genome. The Scientist, Accessed: June 15, 2021

[16] DobzhanskyT.. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am. Biol. Teach., 1973, 35 : 125– 129

[17] WatsonJ. D. , Crick, F. H.. Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. Nature, 1953, 171 : 964– 967

[18] SangerF. , Coulson, A. R.. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol., 1975, 94 : 441– 448

[19] MaxamA. M. , Gilbert, W.. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1977, 74 : 560– 564

[20] Normile, D., Li, H., Couzin, J., Lawler, A., Malakoff, D. (1998) China ramps up genome effort. Science, 281, 1121b

[21] CyranoskiD.. Chinese biology. A great leap forward. Nature, 2001, 410 : 10– 12

[22] Collins, F. (2020) Connecting the dots from the human genome project to the COVID-19 vaccine. Forbes, Accessed: June 15, 2021

[23] XieZ. X., Li, B. Z., Mitchell, L. A., Wu, Y., Qi, X., Jin, Z., Jia, B., Wang, X., Zeng, B. X., Liu, H. M.. “Perfect” designer chromosome V and behavior of a ring derivative. Science, 2017, 355 : 1046–

[24] ShenY., Wang, Y., Chen, T., Gao, F., Gong, J., Abramczyk, D., Walker, R., Zhao, H., Chen, S., Liu, W.. Deep functional analysis of synII, a 770-kilobase synthetic yeast chromosome. Science, 2017, 355 : eaaf4791–

[25] WuZ., Y.A., LiX., B.H., ZhaoH.. Bug mapping and fitness testing of chemically synthesized chromosome X. Science, 2017, 355 : eaaf4706–

[26] ZhangW., Zhao, G., Luo, Z., Lin, Y., Wang, L., Guo, Y., Wang, A., Jiang, S., Jiang, Q., Gong, J.. Engineering the ribosomal DNA in a megabase synthetic chromosome. Science, 2017, 355 : eaaf3981–

[27] SangerF.. Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1988, 57 : 1– 29

[28] YuJ., Hu, S., Wang, J., Wong, G. K., Li, S., Liu, B., Deng, Y., Dai, L., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X.. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science, 2002, 296 : 79– 92

[29] XiaQ., Zhou, Z., Lu, C., Cheng, D., Dai, F., Li, B., Zhao, P., Zha, X., Cheng, T., Chai, C.. A draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori). Science, 2004, 306 : 1937– 1940

[30] LiR., Fan, W., Tian, G., Zhu, H., He, L., Cai, J., Huang, Q., Cai, Q., Li, B., Bai, Y.. The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome. Nature, 2010, 463 : 311– 317

[31] WorleyK. C. , Gibbs, R. A.. Genetics: Decoding a national treasure. Nature, 2010, 463 : 303– 304

OPEN ACCESS

This article is licensed by the CC By under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2021 The Author(s) 2021. Published by Higher Education Press