Monitoring and mathematical modeling of mitochondrial ATP in myotubes at single-cell level reveals two distinct population with different kinetics

Abstract

Background: ATP is the major energy source for myotube contraction, and is quickly produced to compensate ATP consumption and to maintain sufficient ATP level. ATP is consumed mainly in cytoplasm and produced in mitochondria during myotube contraction. To understand the mechanism of ATP homeostasis during myotube contraction, it is essential to monitor mitochondrial ATP at single-cell level, and examine how ATP is produced and consumed in mitochondria.

Methods: We established C2C12 cell line stably expressing fluorescent probe of mitochondrial ATP, and induced differentiation into myotubes. We gave electric pulse stimulation to the differentiated myotubes, and measured mitochondrial ATP. We constructed mathematical model of mitochondrial ATP at single-cell level, and analyzed kinetic parameters of ATP production and consumption.

Results: We performed hierarchical clustering analysis of time course of mitochondrial ATP, which resulted in two clusters. Cluster 1 showed strong transient increase, whereas cluster 2 showed weak transient increase. Mathematical modeling at single-cell level revealed that the ATP production rate of cluster 1 was larger than that of cluster 2, and that both regulatory pathways of ATP production and consumption of cluster 1 were faster than those of cluster 2. Cluster 1 showed larger mitochondrial mass than cluster 2, suggesting that cluster 1 shows the similar property of slow muscle fibers, and cluster 2 shows the similar property of fast muscle fibers.

Conclusion: Cluster 1 showed the stronger mitochondrial ATP increase by larger ATP production rate, but not smaller consumption. Cluster 1 might reflect the larger oxidative capacity of slow muscle fiber.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

mitocondrial ATP production / ATP consumption / single-cell analysis / mathematical modeling

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Data and model parameters are available online at http://kurodalab.bs.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/publication/info/matsuda/.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

The supplementary materials can be found online with this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40484-020-0211-8.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

N.M., K.K., D.H., and M.E. carried out the experiments; Y.F., Y.M., N.L.F., H.N., and H.I contributed to establishment of C2C12 cells stably expressing mitAT1.03 ATP probe; N.M. and H.I. carried out image analysis; N.M., T.W., and M.F. carried out computational analysis; writing group consisted of N.M., M.F., M.E., K.H and S.K.; and the study was conceived and supervised by N.M. and S.K.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank laboratory members for critical reading of the manuscript and for technical assistance with the analysis. The computations for this work were performed in part on the NIG supercomputer system at ROIS National Institute of Genetics. This work was supported by the Creation of Fundamental Technologies for Understanding and Control of Biosystem Dynamics, CREST, of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). S.K. was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number (17H06300, 17H6299, 18H03979, 19K22860), and M.F. was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number (16K12508, 19K20382).

COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICS GUIDELINES

The authors Naoki Matsuda, Ken-ichi Hironaka, Masashi Fujii, Takumi Wada, Katsuyuki Kunida, Haruki Inoue, Miki Eto, Daisuke Hoshino, Yasuro Furuichi, Yasuko Manabe, Nobuharu L. Fujii, Hiroyuki Noji, Hiromi Imamura and Shinya Kuroda declare that they have no conflict of interests. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted, and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

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