Transcription regulation by DNA methylation under stressful conditions in human cancer
Sha Cao, Yi Zhou, Yue Wu, Tianci Song, Burair Alsaihati, Ying Xu
Transcription regulation by DNA methylation under stressful conditions in human cancer
Background: We aim to address one question: do cancer vs. normal tissue cells execute their transcription regulation essentially the same or differently, and why?
Methods: We utilized an integrated computational study of cancer epigenomes and transcriptomes of 10 cancer types, by using penalized linear regression models to evaluate the regulatory effects of DNA methylations on gene expressions.
Results: Our main discoveries are: (i) 56 genes have their expressions consistently regulated by DNA methylation specifically in cancer, which enrich pathways associated with micro-environmental stresses and responses, particularly oxidative stress; (ii) the level of involvement by DNA methylation in transcription regulation increases as a cancer advances for majority of the cancer types examined; (iii) transcription regulation in cancervs. control tissue cells are substantially different, with the former being largely done through direct DNA methylation and the latter mainly done via transcriptional factors; (iv) the altered DNA methylation landscapes in cancervs. control are predominantly accomplished by DNMT1, TET3 and CBX2, which are predicted to be the result of persistent stresses present in the intracellular and micro-environments of cancer cells, which is consistent with the general understanding about epigenomic functions.
Conclusions: Our integrative analyses discovered that a large class of genes is regulated via direct DNA methylation of the genes in cancer, comparing to TFs in normal cells. Such genes fall into a few stress and response pathways. As a cancer advances, the level of involvement by direct DNA methylation in transcription regulation increases for majority of the cancer types examined.
DNA methylation / transcriptional regulation / micro-environment stress
[1] |
Jaenisch, R. and Bird, A. (2003) Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nat. Genet., 33, 245–254
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Grativol, C., Hemerly , A. S. and Ferreira , P. C. G. (2012) Genetic and epigenetic regulation of stress responses in natural plant populations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1819, 176–185
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Seong, K.-H., Li , D., Shimizu, H. , Nakamura, R. and Ishii, S. (2011) Inheritance of stress-induced, ATF-2-dependent epigenetic change. Cell, 145, 1049–1061160;
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Ajonijebu, D. C. , Abboussi, O. , Russell, V. A. , Mabandla, M. V. and Daniels, W. M. U. (2017) Epigenetics: a link between addiction and social environment. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 74, 2735–2747160;
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Wang, Y., Liu , H. and Sun, Z. (2017) Lamarck rises from his grave: parental environment-induced epigenetic inheritance in model organisms and humans. Biol. Rev., 92, 2084–2111
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Feinberg, A. P. and Vogelstein, B. (1983) Hypomethylation distinguishes genes of some human cancers from their normal counterparts. Nature, 301, 89–92160;
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Esteller, M. (2002) CpG island hypermethylation and tumor suppressor genes: a booming present, a brighter future. Oncogene, 21, 5427–5440
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Calderwood, S. K. , Khaleque, M. A. , Sawyer, D. B. and Ciocca, D. R. (2006) Heat shock proteins in cancer: chaperones of tumorigenesis. Trends Biochem. Sci., 31, 164–172
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Yadav, R. K., Chae , S. W., Kim , H. R. and Chae , H. J. (2014) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and cancer. J. Cancer Prev., 19, 75–88
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Cairns, R. A. , Harris, I. S. and Mak, T. W. (2011) Regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 11, 85–95
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Deaton, A. M. and Bird, A. (2011) CpG islands and the regulation of transcription. Genes Dev., 25, 1010–1022
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Newell-Price, J., Clark , A. J. and King , P. (2000) DNA methylation and silencing of gene expression. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 11, 142–148
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Jones, P. A. (2012) Functions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond. Nat. Rev. Genet., 13, 484–492
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Jjingo, D., Conley , A. B., Yi , S. V., Lunyak , V. V. and Jordan , I. K. (2012) On the presence and role of human gene-body DNA methylation. Oncotarget, 3, 462–474
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Bird, A. (2002) DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev., 16, 6–21
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Holm, S. (1979) A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand. J. Stat., 6, 65–70
|
[17] |
Subramanian, A., Tamayo , P., Mootha, V. K. , Mukherjee, S. , Ebert, B. L. , Gillette, M. A. , Paulovich, A. , Pomeroy, S. L. , Golub, T. R. , Lander, E. S. ,
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Gerlach, J. Q. , Sharma, S. , Leister, K. J. , Joshi, L. (2012) A Tight-Knit Group: Protein Glycosylation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response. In Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Health and Disease. Agostinis P., Afshin S. eds., pp. 23–39 Dordrecht: Springer
|
[19] |
Nguyen, T., Nioi , P. and Pickett, C. B. (2009) The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem., 284, 13291–13295
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Chiarugi, P., Pani , G., Giannoni, E. , Taddei, L. , Colavitti, R. , Raugei, G. , Symons, M. , Borrello, S. , Galeotti, T. and Ramponi, G. (2003) Reactive oxygen species as essential mediators of cell adhesion J. Cell Biol., 161, 933–944
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Salim, S. (2017) Oxidative stress and the central nervous system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 360, 201–205
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Theccanat, T., Philip , J. L., Razzaque , A. M., Ludmer , N., Li, J. , Xu, X. and Akhter, S. A. (2016) Regulation of cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis by G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2; The role of NADPH oxidase 4. Cell. Signal., 28, 190–203
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Sun, H., Zhang , C., D, N., Sheng , T., and Xu, Y. (2017). Fenton Reactions Drive Nucleotide and ATP Syntheses in Cancer., (In review).
|
[24] |
Stern, S., Fridmann-Sirkis , Y., Braun, E. and Soen, Y. (2012) Epigenetically heritable alteration of fly development in response to toxic challenge. Cell Reports, 1, 528–542
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Cao, S., Zhu , X., Zhang, C. , Qian, H. , Schuttler, H. B. , Gong, J. P. , and Xu, Y. (2017) Competition between DNA methylation, nucleotide synthesis and anti-oxidation in cancer versus normal tissues. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-0262
|
[26] |
Valente, S., Liu , Y., Schnekenburger, M. , Zwergel, C. , Cosconati, S. , Gros, C. , Tardugno, M. , Labella, D. , Florean, C. , Minden, S. ,
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Rasmussen, K. D. and Helin, K. (2016) Role of TET enzymes in DNA methylation, development, and cancer. Genes Dev., 30, 733–750
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Wee, S., Dhanak , D., Li, H. , Armstrong, S. A. , Copeland, R. A. , Sims, R. , Baylin, S. B. , Liu, X. S. and Schweizer, L. (2014) Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1309, 30–36
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Khansari, N., Shakiba , Y. and Mahmoudi, M. (2009) Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer. Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov., 3, 73–80
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Reuter, S., Gupta , S. C., Chaturvedi , M. M. and Aggarwal , B. B. (2010) Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic. Biol. Med., 49, 1603–1616
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Fiaschi, T. and Chiarugi, P. (2012) Oxidative stress, tumor microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming: a diabolic liaison. Int. J. Cell Biol., 2012, 762825
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Zhang, C., Cao , S., Toole, B. P. and Xu, Y. (2015) Cancer may be a pathway to cell survival under persistent hypoxia and elevated ROS: a model for solid-cancer initiation and early development. Int. J. Cancer, 136, 2001–2011
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Thomas, C., Mackey , M. M., Diaz , A. A. and Cox , D. P. (2009) Hydroxyl radical is produced via the Fenton reaction in submitochondrial particles under oxidative stress: implications for diseases associated with iron accumulation. Redox Rep., 14, 102–108
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[34] |
The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Weinstein, J. N. , Collisson, E. A. , Mills, G. B. , Shaw, K. R. , Ozenberger, B. A. , Ellrott, K. , Shmulevich, I. , Sander, C. and Stuart, J. M. (2013) The Cancer Genome Atlas Pan-Cancer analysis project. Nat. Genet., 45, 1113–1120
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Bibikova, M., Barnes , B., Tsan, C. , Ho, V., Klotzle , B., Le, J. M. , Delano, D. , Zhang, L. , Schroth, G. P. , Gunderson, K. L. ,
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Jiang, C., Xuan , Z., Zhao, F. and Zhang, M. Q. (2007) TRED: a transcriptional regulatory element database, new entries and other development. Nucleic Acids Res., 35, D137–D140
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[37] |
Neph, S., Stergachis , A. B., Reynolds , A., Sandstrom, R. , Borenstein, E. and Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A. (2012) Circuitry and dynamics of human transcription factor regulatory networks. Cell, 150, 1274–1286
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[38] |
The ENCODE Project Consortium (2012) An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature, 489, 57–74
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Marbach, D., Lamparter , D., Quon, G. , Kellis, M. , Kutalik, Z. and Bergmann, S. (2016) Tissue-specific regulatory circuits reveal variable modular perturbations across complex diseases. Nat. Methods, 13, 366–370
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Han, H., Shim , H., Shin, D. , Shim, J. E. , Ko, Y., Shin , J., Kim, H. , Cho, A., Kim , E., Lee, T. ,
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |