Landscape Visual Aesthetics Measurement, Assessment, and Improvement of Street Pedestrian Spaces in Mountainous Cities—Case Study on the Historic Downtown of Jinan, Shandong Province

Abstract

Urban streets support citizens’ daily commuting and social and recreational activities. Streetscape is also a visual resource and an important part of urban landscape appearance. Serving as an important ecological base and natural components of urban spatial structure, mountains often determine a city’s spatial layout and landscape identity so as to promote mountaincity integration. The study focuses on the historic downtown of Jinan, a typical mountainous city, analyzes the landscape aesthetic visual characteristics of street pedestrian spaces, and measures their landscape visual aesthetic quality by using panoramic images; the research then evaluates the visibility of high-visual-aesthetic-quality urban mountainous landscape to urban streets; finally, based on the overall landscape visual aesthetic quality evaluation results of urban street pedestrian spaces, the paper proposes a series of optimization suggestions of the streets at different levels to improve the harmony with urban mountain landscapes. The study hopes to provide a reference for the creation of mountain–city-integrated urban landscapes, as well as the healthy and sustainable urban development.

Keywords

Mountain-City Integration / Street Pedestrian Space / Landscape Visual Aesthetic Quality / Visibility of High-Visual-Aesthetic-Quality Urban Mountainous Landscape / Quantitative Assessment / Urban Streetscape

References

[1] Li, H., & Xiao, J. (2013). Multi-dimension analysis on the mountain–city relationship in the construction of mountainous cities. Urban Development Studies, 20(8), 40-46.

[2] Liu, H., Zhao, L., & Qin, H. (2016). Space research on mountain-city in Jinan based on the theory of figure-ground relation. Journal of Shandong Jianzhu University, 31(2), 164-171.

[3] Wang, S., Gao, Y., & Li, X. (2019). A study on the spatial structure of Chinese landscaping and cultural cities. Urban Planning Forum, (1), 27-32. doi:10.16361/j.upf.201901003

[4] Zhao, H., & Fan, S. (2019). Natural landscape construction of Changchun’s comprehensive city design guided by ecological wisdom ideology. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 19(4), 53-64. doi:10.16397/j.cnki.1671-1165.201904053

[5] Liu, Q., Rong, H., & Gao, P. (2016). „Natural Mountain and Water City” morphology control and strategy, Nanning. Planners, 32(7), 64-71.

[6] Zhao, L., Zhang, Y., & Wu, Y. (2016). Study on the mountain–city spatial pattern in Jinan. In 60 Years for Planninng: Achievements and Challenges—Proceedings of Annual National Planning Conference 2016 (vol. 14: Urban and Rural Planning in Mountain Environment). Urban Planning Society of China and People’s Government of Shenyang.

[7] Huang, M., Liu, W., Ma, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). General building height control strategies with mountain-city integration. Planners, 31(6), 62-66.

[8] Xiao, H., Sheng, S., An, Q., & Shi, J. (2019). Research on the identification of urban green infrastructure supply-demand spatial differentiation and optimization strategies: A case study on Jinan West New District. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 35(11), 65-69. doi:10.19775/j.cla.2019.11.0065

[9] Shao, Y., & Liu, B. (2017). Urban streetscape visual aesthetics assessment research. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 33(9), 17-22.

[10] Xu, L., Meng, R., & Chen, Z. (2017). Fascinating streets: The impact of building facades and green view. Landscape Architecture, (10), 27-33. doi:10.14085/j.fjyl.2017.10.0027.07

[11] Han, J., & Dong, L. (2015). A study of visual evaluation of streetscape based on the psychophysical method. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 31(5), 116-119.

[12] Ma, Y., Yuan, Q., & Leng, H. (2017). Review and enlightenment of landscape aesthetics service evaluation from the perspective of ecosystem service. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 33(6), 99-103.

[13] Wu, J., Yuan, T., & Wang, T. (2017). Preliminary theory of urban landscape esthetics based on three-dimensional landscape indicators. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(13), 4519-4528. doi:10.5846/stxb201512232552

[14] Sowińska-Świerkosz, B., & Soszyński, D. (2019). The index of the Prognosis Rural Landscape Preferences (IPRLP) as a tool of generalizing peoples’ preferences on rural landscape. Journal of Environmental Management, (248), 109272.

[15] Khachatryan, H., Rihn, A., Hansen, G., & Clem, T. (2020). Landscape aesthetics and maintenance Perceptions: Assessing the relationship between homeowners’ visual attention and landscape care knowledge. Land Use Policy, (95), 104645.

[16] Dai, P., Zhang, S., Liu, R., & Yang, Y. (2019). Research advances in cultural ecosystem services—An analysis based on Web of Science. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(5), 1863-1875.

[17] Wang, R., Zhao, J., Meitner, M. J., Hu, Y., & Xu, X. (2019). Characteristics of urban green spaces in relation to aesthetic preference and stress recovery. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 41(5),6-13.

[18] Li, X., Qi, T., Liu, C., & Zhang, G. (2018). The research on analysis model of landscape aesthetics quality: A case of three hills and five gardens greenway in Beijing. Modern Urban Research, (4), 45-55. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2018.04.008

[19] Zhao, J., Wu, J., & Wang, H. (2019). Characteristics of urban streets in relation to perceived restorativeness. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 30(2), 309-319.

[20] Tang, J., & Long, Y. (2017). Metropolitan street space quality evaluation: Second and third ring of Beijing, inner ring of Shanghai. Planners, 33(2), 68-73.

[21] Yin, M., Zhou, J., Xue, J., & Wu, X. (2017). Research of overlook system on mountain landscape in overall urban planning—A case study of the city of Wuyishan. Landscape Architecture, (12), 101-106. doi:10.14085/j.fjyl.2017.12.0101.06

[22] Chen, Z., Fu, W., & Dong, J. (2017). Scenic beauty estimation of urban massif based on scenario visualization—A case study of Fuzhou. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 33(10), 108-112.

[23] Xiao, H., An, Q., Sheng, S., & Kuang, Y. (2009). Research on urban mountain ecological restoration and classified protection strategies based on spatial identification of ecological risk: Taking the West New District of Jinan City as an example. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 36(7), 43-47. doi:10.19775/ j.cla.2020.07.0043

[24] Guo, F., Zhang, M., & Chen, Z. (2009). The impact degree on landscape and its ecological restoration techniques of exposed hillpits. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 25(11), 63-66.

[25] Chen, W., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., & Li, C. (2016). Research on guidance of the development control of city landscape area based on visual corridor. Architectural Journal, 2016(S1), 13-17.

[26] Ye, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., & Zeng, W. (2019). Human-scale quality on streets: A large-scale and efficient analytical approach based on street view images and new urban analytical tools. Urban Planning International, 34(1), 18-27.

[27] Gong, Z., Ma, Q., Kan, C., & Qi, Q. (2019). Classifying street spaces with street view images for a spatial indicator of urban functions. Sustainability, 11(22), 6424.

[28] People’s Government of Jinan City. (2016, August 29). Master Planning of Jinan City (2011–2020).

[29] Zhao, L., Wang, S., Yang, X., Liu, Z., & Cui, Y. (2019). Analysis and structure research of „Mountain-City Community” spatial environmental characteristics of Mount Tai. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 35(1), 90-95.

[30] Jinan Department of Natural Resources and Planning. (2017, April 7). Regulatory Spatial Planning of Hills and the Surrounding Landscapes in Urban Center of Jinan.

[31] Huang, P., Zheng, Q., & Liang, C. (2020). Overview of image segmentation methods. Journal of Wuhan University (Natural Science Edition), 66(6), 519-531. doi:10.14188/j.1671-8836.2019.0002.

[32] Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., & Yang, M. (2019). Research on automatic identification and measurement of panoramic visible green index. Landscape Architecture, 26(10), 89-94. doi:10.14085/j.fjyl.2019.10.0089.06

[33] Cordts, M., Omran, M., Ramos, S., Rehfeld, T., Enzweiler, M., Benenson, R., Franke, U., Roth, S., & Schiele, B. (2016). The Cityscapes dataset for semantic urban scene understanding. 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp.3213-3223).

[34] Liu, W., Wang, H., Liu, K., & Zhou, X. (2015). Construction of evaluation system for smart city based on the combination model of entropy-weighting and TOPSIS methods: Taking Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai as examples. Modern Urban Research, (1), 31-36. doi:10.3969/j/issn.1009-6000.2015.01.006

[35] Lai, X. (2017). Control system research of city mountain protection planning: A case study on mountain protection planning of Urumqi City. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, (3), 69-76.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press