A Review of Research on Dementia-Friendly Environment for Older Adults

Abstract

With the global number of people with cognitive impairment continuing to rise, there is an urgent need to create supportive environments that can both improve quality of life and slow the progression of symptoms, as cognitive disorders pose major challenges to public health and care systems. To systematically sort out the research trends and hotspots of dementia-friendly environments, this study combines a systematic literature review with CiteSpace-based knowledge mapping. It systematically retrieved Chinese- and English-language literature published between 2009 and 2024 and finally included 80 articles. The keyword cluster analysis in this field identified ten major hotspots: mental health, living alone, older people, neuropsychological assessment, bodily response, neighborhood economic disadvantage, mobility, architecture, dementia friendly, and urban/rural differences. Over three stages of development, the scholarly focus has shifted from disease and quality of life to the interaction mechanisms between cognitive function and the built environment, and more recently to application-oriented research emphasizing risk identification, accessible design, and community support. On this basis, the paper proposes three key directions for future research: 1) advancing interdisciplinary integration and in-depth application of quantitative research; 2) building intelligent, responsive dementia-friendly environments supported by multi-stakeholder collaboration and digital technologies; and 3) paying closer attention to individual and regional differences to enhance the adaptability and cultural sensitivity of dementia-friendly environmental design. The findings of this systematic review provide theoretical references and practical insights for creating more adaptive, sustainable, and culturally-sensitive dementia-friendly environments.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Dementia-Friendly Environment / Environmental Design / Community Support / Digital Intervention / Older Adults / CiteSpace / Interdisciplinary Integration

Highlight

	· Employs the CiteSpace knowledge-mapping to trace the development of research on dementia-friendly environments
	· Cluster analysis reveals ten key dimensions in the interdisciplinary construction of dementia-friendly environment
	· Shows a shift from disease-centered care to function–environment interaction and risk prevention and control
	· Dementia-friendly environments evolve from closed, institutionalized care to community-embedded inclusiveness
	· Digitalization and multi-stakeholder collaboration as new trend in dementia-friendly environment design

1 Research Background

Diseases associated with cognitive impairment—particularly Alzheimer's disease—have become a major challenge facing global public health and social care systems^[1–^4]. As of 2021, approximately 57 million people worldwide were living with cognitive impairment, with more than 60% residing in low- and middle-income countries^[5]. Dementia has become one of the leading causes of disability, loss of independence, and reliance on caregiving among older adults worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of people living with dementia is projected to increase from around 55 million in 2019 to approximately 139 million by 2050^[6]. The etiology of dementia is complex and its treatment is difficult; however, incidence may be reduced by addressing modifiable risk factors. For instance, research noted associations between built environments and cognitive function in older adults^[7]. Consequently, creating dementia-friendly environments carries significant implications for public health systems as well as for patients and their families.

The concept of "dementia-friendly" refers to environments and initiatives designed to support the daily living, participation, and social inclusion of older adults with cognitive impairment^[8–^10]. It encompasses not only the accessibility and legibility of physical spaces but also improvements in social awareness, service systems, and community support networks, thereby enhancing the elderly' sense of security, independence, and quality of life^[11–^12]. Older adults suffering from dementia experience significant cognitive decline, including memory impairment, disorientation, decreased attention, and executive dysfunction. This necessitates more refined and targeted design for dementia-friendly environments, shifting away from deficit-oriented narratives that emphasize burden on families and society, toward one that emphasizes inclusivity^[13].

At present, international research has explored environmental design guidelines and the integration of emerging digital technologies^[14–^15]. However, most existing studies focus on the intervention effects of a single dimension—such as spatial design, care technologies, and social interaction mechanisms. Systematic research that employs a multidimensional framework to analyze pathways and mechanisms of dementia-friendly environmental design remains scarce. To address this gap, this study employs visual knowledge-mapping methods to review the literature on dementia-friendly environmental design, identify research trends and hotspots, and propose a multidimensional analytical framework that may inform more integrated and actionable design interventions in the future.

2 Research Methods

This study conducted a systematic review to comprehensively examine and analyze literature related to dementia-friendly environmental design. Five major databases were selected—Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure). Literature retrieval was conducted across keyword categories including "cognitive impairment and dementia," "care and facilities," "community and environment," "space and design," "design guidelines and concepts," "emotion and health," and "landscape and natural environment" (Table 1). Document types were limited to articles, reviews, and dissertations. The search timeframe spanned January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2024. To ensure the quality of selected literature and its relevance to spatial design, the following inclusion criteria were applied: 1) the literature must be in Chinese or English to ensure accurate comprehension and analysis by the research team; 2) the literature must explicitly focus on older adults with dementia or cognitive impairment^①, ensuring representativeness; and 3) the literature must involve the effects of spatial environments, design factors, or community environments on the quality of life, cognitive function, or emotional well-being of people with dementia. After screening, a total of 80 publications^[13,¹⁶–^94] were included in the review—27 in Chinese and 53 in English.

① Whether examining dementia populations as a whole or specifically Alzheimer's patients, older adults indeed constitute the overwhelming majority. Sporadic cases in other age groups are excluded in this study.

3 Cluster Analysis of Research on Dementia-Friendly Environments

3.1 Results of Cluster Analysis

Cluster analysis of the reviewed literature helps reveal common themes and underlying connections among research subjects, enabling inferences about research hotspots and trends in the field (Fig. 1). Using CiteSpace for automatic clustering, 219 nodes and 762 links were generated, resulting in 10 clearly defined clusters (Q = 0.692 > 0.3; S = 0.893 > 0.7), indicating that the cluster network structure is well-constructed, exhibits high heterogeneity, and yields reliable classification outcomes. The themes of the 10 clusters are: 1) mental health; 2) living alone; 3) older people; 4) neuropsychological assessment; 5) bodily response; 6) neighborhood economic disadvantage; 7) mobility; 8) architecture; 9) dementia friendly; and 10) urban/rural differences. The clustering results indicate that mental health is the core topic within dementia-friendly environment research. The field is progressing along a multi-scalar integrative pathway, ranging from individual health, community environment, and spatial equity, with research hotspots shifting from singular medical concerns toward interdisciplinary, evidence-based practices emphasizing human–environment interaction and age-friendly renewal.

3.2 Commentary on Cluster Contents

3.2.1 Mental Health

The mental health cluster primarily encompasses issues related to the psychological well-being and cognitive decline of older adults, with particular emphasis on the influence of the built environment, natural environment, and social support on mental health. Research topics include risk factors for mental health, the associations between environmental features and cognitive deterioration, and assessments of quality of life. Several studies point out that exposure to green space may contribute to cognitive maintenance of "identity/selfhood," improving late-life cognition, and cognitive protection effects^[59,⁷⁹–^80]. Other scholars explore how neighborhood environmental characteristics affect cognitive function^[69,^71]. Research suggests that dementia gardens can be created through diverse landscaping, soft natural edges, safe and convenient walking paths, and multi-sensory, everyday activity spaces, thereby providing comfort, pleasure, and a sense of security^[20]. Other studies indicate that spatial connectivity and layout in dementia care units directly shape residents' movement, emotional well-being, and social interaction; rather than relying on enclosure for safety, a combination of visible and accessible outdoor areas, lingerable corridors, and "communicable" boundaries can promote safety and dignity^[73]. Jingwen Lei et al. argued that public activity spaces should be upgraded from "being manageable" to "companionship-oriented," shifting concern from merely meeting basic mental and safety needs toward enabling a "meaningful" and "normalized" life for older adults with dementia^[76]. Seiko Goto et al. reported that viewing garden landscapes can significantly lower heart rate and improve behavioral symptoms, thereby benefiting mental health^[81]. Hong Chen et al. linked traffic exposure (e.g., air pollution, noise) with cognitive decline and rising incidence of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and found that traffic exposure may negatively affect cognitive health^[85]. Overall, this cluster indicates that research on mental health is shifting from a focus on disease and quality of life toward an integrated health framework of environment–psychology–society.

3.2.2 Living Alone

This cluster focuses on the mental health risks and lack of social support faced by older adults who live alone, addressing themes such as loneliness, social isolation, cognitive decline, and their relationship to the environment. Some studies examine dementia-friendly public spaces and community-based support systems^[39], while others investigate the links among living environments, living alone status, and cognitive trajectories^[45]. For instance, a dementia care center in the Netherlands constructed a virtual "fence" using smart wristbands, intelligent access control, and 3D beacons, enhancing spatial legibility and wayfinding and providing residents with autonomy, activity engagement, and high-quality daily life, which offers valuable insights for dementia-friendly environmental design worldwide^[67]. Overall, the living alone cluster highlights the critical role of housing typologies and social support systems in building dementia-friendly environments.

3.2.3 Older People

This cluster includes research across varied national and regional contexts and addresses issues such as quality of life, social support, and community environmental factors. Overall, this cluster emphasizes systematic demographic analyses of health risks among aging populations^[24-^25]. For example, Susanne Röhr et al. noted that urban environments hold significant potential for fostering lifestyles that support brain health among community-dwelling older adults, thereby reducing risks of cognitive decline and dementia^[33]. Some studies focus on the architectural environment of care institutions and its association with the quality of life of older adults with dementia^[40]. Large-scale empirical research examining community settings and cognitive function among older residents found that higher land-use mix can significantly reduce the risk of dementia, whereas an excessive proportion of natural environment is unexpectedly associated with increased risk^[91]. Some studies suggested that organizing key spaces (e.g., entrances, living areas) according to familiar spatial sequences may enhance environmental usability for older adults with dementia^[35]. Others argued that improving older adults' perceived confidence requires spatial environments with straight paths, few turns, minimal decision points, and visible endpoints/anchors^[94]. Fei Lian et al., using the UK as an example, outlined an integrated support system enabling older adults with dementia to age in place within familiar communities, drawing from national/local policies, community and residential design guidelines, and exemplary practice and evaluation systems^[77]. Jinghua Dai et al., focusing on the Chinese context, reviewed spatial and operational practices of typical international models from the USA, the Netherlands, Japan, etc., as well as preliminary domestic experiences, to distill design strategies and conceptual models for care environments in elderly care institutions and community-based care in China^[90].

3.2.4 Neuropsychological Assessment

This cluster concerns the evaluation and measurement of cognitive function of older adults, including neuropsychological tools, spatial navigation tests, and emerging assessment technologies (e.g., GIS systems, heat-map analysis, accessibility modeling). Some studies systematically compared the performance of older adults with mild cognitive impairment and various types of dementia (especially Alzheimer's disease) on spatial navigation tasks to examine how task context (real/virtual), strategy type (environment-centered/object-centered), and navigation mode (active/passive) affect cognitive discriminability^[31]. Other studies explored neuropsychological differences in spatial vision^[72,⁸³,^93]. Additional research highlighted the impact of environmental factors on cognitive ability—for example, higher urban tree-canopy coverage (rather than simply "total green volume" or "open grassland") is associated with lower dementia incidence^[52]—and the influence of road network structure on the risk of wandering among older adults with dementia^[58]. With the development of assistive humanoid robots, wearable sensors, and spatial-positioning and monitoring technologies, the feasibility of building intelligent and responsive environments that adapt to the changing needs of older adults with dementia continues to increase^[19]. Geke D. S. Ludden et al. integrated environmental-psychology evidence with interactive technologies into care environments, creating meaningful multi-sensory experiences grounded in presence, and pointed out that although cognitive abilities decline with disease progression, the ability of sensory exploration of surroundings and focused "in-the-moment" experiences remain largely intact^[68]. Through visuospatial tasks and computerized testing programs, designers can gain deeper insights into the needs of older adults with dementia and adjust design strategies accordingly^[83]. In addition, some studies have advanced the discussion of spatial disorientation in dementia-friendly environments from empirical guidelines toward design decisions grounded in psychological and neuroscientific evidence^[87]. Overall, this cluster suggests that neuropsychological assessment is increasingly incorporating multimodal data and environmental factors, expanding toward early diagnosis and intervention.

3.2.5 Bodily Response

This cluster focuses on the psychophysiological response mechanisms of older adults with dementia, including the coupling of heart rate, gait, sentiments, and environmental stimuli. Research topics include therapeutic landscapes, physical activities, and physiological-indicator monitoring. Studies examined the role of age-friendly therapeutic landscapes in emotional and physical rehabilitation^[37], conducted qualitative investigations on walking experiences among individuals with dementia^[88], or employed digital technologies—such as wearable sensors, spatial technologies, robotic assistance, and intelligent monitoring—to develop dementia-friendly environments capable of capturing physiological and behavioral responses and thereby enhancing quality of life^[19,^34]. A study conducted participatory walking interviews, GPS tracking, and travel-diary documentation with seven older adults with dementia in Canada, and found that they generally felt safe in familiar suburban environments, but their travel range was limited and relied heavily on familiar landmarks for navigation; supportive environmental features included mixed land use, accessible everyday destinations, straight streets, and pedestrian paths, while hindering factors included complex intersections, noisy main roads and parking lots, and inadequate pedestrian-protection facilities^[16]. Numerous publications further emphasized the positive effects of sensory environments and emotional stimuli (e.g., music, garden landscapes) on alleviating emotional symptoms and enhancing subjective well-being^[22,⁵³,^55]. Overall, existing research in this cluster leverages digital monitoring and sensory interventions, underscoring the importance of psychophysiological coupling and driving the incorporation of digital methods.

3.2.6 Neighborhood Economic Disadvantage

Numerous studies highlighted the importance of community and social environments in dementia-friendly design^[17,⁴³,⁴⁷–^49]. This cluster, named according to its economic dimension, emphasizes how inequalities in built environment quality, community functional configuration, and social support networks—essentially the external manifestations and derivative outcomes of economic disparities—affect the mental health and cognitive function of older adults. Some studies revealed the negative impact of social isolation within the community on the mental health of older adults^[17], while others examined how walkability, street patterns, neighborhood relations, and social support influence cognitive outcomes^[54,⁵⁶,⁶⁹–^70]. Another large-scale study, based on the UK Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS) database, analyzed the effects of community-level built and social environments on cognitive impairment among older adults. It found that community poverty and crime rates were not significantly associated with cognitive impairment; in contrast, older adults in communities with higher land-use diversity (e.g., a mix of residential, commercial, and recreational use) showed a significantly lower risk (approximately a 60% reduction) of cognition-related disorders. This is likely due to the greater cognitive stimuli provided by the increased access to services and social opportunities^[91]. Overall, the trend in this cluster reflects a growing convergence between mental-health research and social equity, emphasizing the profound impact of socio-spatial disparities on the health of older adults.

3.2.7 Mobility

The mobility cluster centers on the effects of freedom of movement, travel environments, and accessibility facilities on the mental well-being among older adults. Topics include mobility impairment, gait analysis, and wayfinding design. Some studies addressed mobility support for older adults with dementia in suburban settings^[16], noting that their "life space" outside the home tends to shrink, reducing their social participation outside the household^[44]. Another study approached the design of dementia care facilities from the perspective of outdoor environment quality and wayfinding friendliness^[27]. Jiajing Li et al. identified different types of autonomous behaviors among individuals with dementia and extracted spatial characteristics that support autonomy^[41]. Research also integrated multiple intelligent methods—such as maintaining social connections with communication technologies (mobile phones, Skype/WhatsApp), and collecting physiological, behavioral, and cognitive-response data by filming home tours—to develop perception-driven, age-friendly spatial design approaches^[54]. Jingwen Lei et al. translated the concept of "everyday activities as design agenda" into actionable spatial language: the clearer and more dominant the path, the richer the multisensory cues and directional landmarks they have, and the more single-corridor layouts are used, the easier it becomes for individuals with dementia to find their way^[75]. Other studies expand the design of dementia-friendly environments beyond safety and medical considerations to incorporate quality of life propositions in behavioral, social, and emotional aspects^[84]. Virtual environments can also function as cognitive-training tools, helping individuals with dementia retain daily-living skills and exercise spatial memory, thus holding dual significance for rehabilitation and intervention^[86]. Overall, this cluster underscores mobility as a critical factor in promoting social participation and sustaining independence among older adults with dementia.

3.2.8 Architecture

Architecture constitutes the largest cluster, covering care facilities, long-term care institutions, therapeutic gardens, and public spaces in residential environments. Overall, this cluster demonstrates that environmental and spatial design represents a major application field within research on mental health among older adults^[23,²⁶,²⁸,³²,³⁶,⁵⁷,⁷⁸,^82]. Numerous studies examined spatial optimization and user-centered design^[21–²²,⁶²–^66], design guidelines and empirical evaluations for long-term care environments^[50,⁸⁹,⁹²,^94], tools and standards for dementia-friendly environmental design from the perspective of caregiving families^[18], and the association between visuospatial functional impairment and the subtype diagnosis of cognitive disorders^[72,⁸³,^93]. Jiajing Li and Qiuyun Huang, drawing on 12 cases from the USA, summarized the scale and spatial layout characteristics of dementia therapeutic gardens^[42]. Another study investigated how architectural design affects spatial orientation and wayfinding abilities among dementia patients, finding that simple and clear circulation layouts with limited yet prominent reference points can significantly improve the independent wayfinding ability of individuals with moderate to severe cognitive impairment^[94].

3.2.9 Dementia Friendly

This cluster centers on the concept and practice of dementia-friendliness, covering themes such as social inclusion, community design, and the advancement of related concepts and policies. The research focuses on public-space and landscape environments within communities^[29,^38], as well as the documentation and evaluation of dementia-friendly initiatives and community-based practices^[13,³⁰,^43]. Fei Lian and Hui Li categorized dementia-friendly community environments into three levels: macro-, meso-, and micro. The macro-level includes land-use composition, land-use patterns, and street networks; the meso-level includes street forms, architectural features, green spaces, landmarks, and signage; and the micro-level consists of environmental elements such as shape, color, light and shadow, and texture^[29]. Paul A. Rodgers argued that co-creative design can transforms older adults with dementia from passive recipients of care into socially engaged collaborators with income, visibility, and dignity^[46]. Jie Yang constructed a framework of therapeutic needs–weighting–evidence–strategy, and proposed eight principles for designing dementia-care environments^[51]. Other research pointed out that easy-to-navigate spaces with recognizable features and visible and accessible outdoor landscapes can significantly enhance independence and navigation of dementia individuals, thereby increasing the dementia-friendliness of the environment^[60]. Additional research highlights spatial needs of older adults with dementia such as organizing indoor–outdoor environments with clear orientation cues and legible pathways, convenient access to outdoor gardens, as well as quiet recreational and social spaces^[61]. Overall, this cluster demonstrates the global dissemination of dementia-friendly concept, and its close integration with social policy and community renewal.

3.2.10 Urban/rural Differences

This cluster focuses on mental-health issues of older adults in the context of urban–rural disparities, examining differences in facility distribution, social equity, and their relationship to cognitive health. Representative studies include a comparison of aging-care facility systems in Chinese and Japanese cities^[74], and analyses of the relationship between cognitive function of older adults and their living community environments in the UK—including objective indicators derived from publicly available government data, such as area-level poverty, land-use mix, proportion of natural environment, and crime rate^[91]. Research examining the influence of China's urban–rural differences on cognitive decline revealed that older adults living in communities with better accessibility features, more public transport lines, improved employment services, and higher socioeconomic status experience slower cognitive decline; road conditions, infrastructure, and levels of social participation strongly correlate with baseline cognitive function^[71]. The study further emphasized that improving infrastructure and social resources in rural communities is essential for slowing cognitive decline, and highlighted that vulnerable groups are more dependent on community resources—thus rural areas should be prioritized in policy interventions. Other research explored the relationship between community social environment and dementia risk and analyzed the mediating effect of social isolation^[17]. It found that older adults living in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods and disordered areas (e.g., environmental decay, garbage accumulation, high crime) face significantly higher dementia risks (increased by 18% and 27%, respectively), whereas low social cohesion did not show a significant effect. Overall, this cluster indicates that urban–rural disparities affect not only facility provision and resource allocation but also directly shape the impact of social equity on the mental health of older adults.

3.3 Summary

The cluster analysis results reveal the multidimensional structure and interdisciplinary trend of research on dementia-friendly environments. The ten identified clusters encompass not only individual health issues within the realms of medicine and psychology (such as mental health, cognitive function assessment, and psychophysiological responses) but also broader sociospatial-level topics (including living-alone older adults, neighborhood socioeconomic disparities, mobility, and urban/rural differences), while involving domains of spatial and environmental practice (such as architectural design and community development). Overall, the research focus has shifted from passive care toward proactive prevention and the construction of supportive environments. Related literature in this field shows a clear trend toward interdisciplinary integration, refined inquiry, and stronger application implications, particularly through the deep convergence of medicine, psychology, architecture, and public health.

4 Discussion

4.1 Analysis of Research Trends in Dementia-Friendly Environment Studies

4.1.1 Temporal Evolution of Research Topics

The timezone map of keyword co-occurrence (Fig. 2) illustrates dynamic changes in research topics over the past 15 years, which can be divided into three stages:

1) Early stage (2009–2014): Dominated by medical and nursing research, concentrating on topics such as "Alzheimer's disease," "dementia," "nursing home," "quality of life," and "residential care." Research during this stage mainly focused on age-related dementia and associated disorders, long-term care institutions, and quality of life.

2) Middle stage (2015–2020): scholarly attention gradually shifted toward topics of "cognitive function," "health," "cognitive impairment," "community," and the "built environment," reflecting an emerging interest in cognitive function and mental health, and the interactions between built environments, community structures, and the well-being of older adults. The emergence of keywords such as "mobility" and "green space" indicates that environmental factors (e.g., accessible facilities and natural spaces) entered the research agenda, pushing the field from macro-level health discussions toward micro-level cognitive mechanisms and comprehensive analyses of supportive environments.

3) Recent stage (2021–2024): The prominence of keywords such as "barriers," "freedom of movement," "neighborhoods," "benefits," "disability," and "risk" suggests a transition toward risk identification and intervention. Scholars have moved beyond responding to existing health problems and placed a greater emphasis on forward-looking interventions through environmental optimization and risk prevention. Highlighted topics such as freedom of movement, barrier reduction, and disability prevention reflect the field's increasing focus on practical applications, implementation pathways, and interdisciplinary trend.

4.1.2 Evolution of Research Hotspots in Burst Keywords

The burst keyword analysis (Table 2) further reveals the stage-based evolution of research hotspots, where "strength" refers to the burst intensity of a keyword relative to the baseline during a given period, calculated using Kleinberg's burst detection algorithm in CiteSpace (dimensionless; higher values indicate stronger bursts).

1) 2009–2014: Burst keywords included "older people," "outcome," "physical environment," and "quality of life," with the longest lasting, indicating that early research focused on older populations, living environments, and quality-of-life issues.

2) 2015–2020: Burst keywords shifted toward "community environment," "cognitive function," "community," "dementia friendly," "physical activity," "built environment," and "association." Research gradually centered on cognitive function and community-level support. Notably, the emergence of "dementia friendly" signaled that dementia-friendly communities had become a broadly recognized research hotspot with significant policy guidance and practical value.

3) 2021–2024: Burst keywords concentrated on "dementia," "risk," "gait," and "barriers." On the one hand, identifying dementia-related risks and gait-monitoring have become important methods for early warning and assessment. On the other hand, removing community barriers and improving accessible design have become a new center in research and practice.

4.2 Future Research Trends

4.2.1 Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Quantitative Research

Currently, studies on dementia-friendly environment is gradually forming an interdisciplinary research paradigm and shifting from empirical summaries toward approaches combining quantitative models and experimental methods. This not only deepens the theoretical foundations of academic inquiry but also provides sound evidence for precise design and informed decision-making, promoting interdisciplinary collaborations that integrate medicine, psychology, architecture, and public health. Such studies enable researchers to reexamine, from multidimensional perspectives, the profound influence of the environment on the behaviors and emotions of older adults with dementia. This perspective is crucial for developing more integrated and sustainable design paradigms. In constructing dementia-friendly environments, it not only helps compensate for declines in perception, memory, orientation, and social interaction, but also enhances environmental legibility and predictability through optimized spatial and informational design, thereby reducing the daily care burden on caregivers.

4.2.2 Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration and Digital Technology Support

By incorporating digital technologies, it is possible to build intelligent and interconnected dementia-friendly communities embedded within local neighborhoods. Integrating governmental agencies, private capital, third-party service providers, market actors, and community resources, a multi-stakeholder collaboration mechanism is essential for the effectiveness of dementia-friendly environment construction. Moreover, digital tools enable designers to more accurately simulate and predict how environments affect older adults with dementia, informing more targeted design interventions. The application of digital technologies in dementia-friendly design offers innovative pathways to enhance their safety, autonomy, and quality of life. For example, sensor integration (environmental monitoring with smart wristbands, 3D beacons, sensor networks, etc.) and embodied sensing (environmental simulation, including virtual reality, augmented reality, and spatial behavior analysis tools) have advanced implementable design solutions and supported research progress (Fig. 3).

4.2.3 In-depth Exploration of Individual and Regional Differences

With global population aging and the continued increase in older adults with dementia, the design concept of dementia-friendly environments is shifting from "universal adaptation" toward multidimensional responses that emphasize personalization, differentiation, and cultural sensitivity. On the one hand, research needs to address the differentiated needs of individuals with varying types and stages of cognitive impairment, balancing standardization and customization—for example, through moderated interventions enabled by dynamic lighting, voice prompts, and behavior-recognition algorithms. On the other hand, dementia-friendly environments in different countries and regions should give rise to locally distinctive practices. For instance, in the Netherlands, "De Hogeweyk" dementia-friendly village constructs multiple lifestyle zones and stylistically distinct neighborhoods to create a simulated social environment that evokes a sense of familiarity and belonging among residents^[84]. Moreover, the differences of how individuals with dementia in different cultural contexts perceive, interpret, and adapt to spatial environments need to be explored.

5 Conclusions

Through cluster analysis, keyword timeline map, and burst keyword analysis, this study systematically reviews the research development and trends of dementia-friendly environments, revealing how research themes and methodological approaches have shifted across this field. Overall, the field has progressed from early attention to cognitive diseases and quality of life, to mid-stage investigations of cognitive functions and built-environment interactions, and more recently toward multidimensional concerns involving risk identification, accessible environments, and community-based support.

Based on current research progress, this study offers three policy and practical implications: firstly, guidelines for the spatial construction and renovation for older adults with dementia should be established by integrating indicators such as wayfinding, accessibility, safety, and sensory comfort into urban renewal and public-space planning, while strengthening cultural sensitivity by incorporating local cultural and memory elements to enhance familiarity and the sense of belonging. Secondly, pilot projects for "smart + age-friendly" dementia-supportive environments should be advanced. Community-based platforms may integrate intelligent systems such as smart monitoring, fall alerts, emotion recognition, and navigational guidance. For example, Yves Galvão et al. employed an efficient multimodal deep-learning framework (e.g., CNN-LSTM) for automated fall detection^[95]. Such systems can form intelligent care environments with individualized responsiveness, enabling deeper integration between spatial design and management. Finally, a multi-stakeholder participation and dynamic evaluation mechanism for dementia-friendly environments should be established. Through collaboration among governments, communities, families, and designers—supported by funding mechanisms and behavioral data feedback—it is possible to promote low-intervention, highly accessible micro-renewal strategies and long-term institutionalized operation, thereby gradually forming a sustainable model for creating dementia-friendly environments.

Despite offering a multidimensional perspective on dementia-friendly environment research, this study has several limitations. Firstly, the literature review relied mainly on Chinese and English databases, leaving research and practical experiences from non-English-speaking countries only partially represented. Secondly, the study was largely based on secondary analysis of existing literature, lacking first-hand case data to capture the nuanced behavioral–environment interactions in complex spatial practices. Thirdly, although this study proposed an initial multidimensional integrative pathway, it has not yet developed a comprehensive tool with quantitative indicators and evaluative standards. Future efforts require coordinated advances in theory, technology, and institutional frameworks to ensure that dementia-friendly environments can be implemented and continuously optimized at a broader societal scale.

References

[1] Xiong, J. , Kang, S. S. , Wang, Z. , Liu, X. , Kuo, T.-C. , Korkmaz, F. , … & Ye, K. (2022) FSH blockade improves cognition in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Nature, 603 ( 7901), 470– 476.

[2] Green, G. S. , Fujita, M. , Yang, H.-S. , Taga, M. , Cain, A. , McCabe, C. , … & De Jager, P. L. (2024) Cellular communities reveal trajectories of brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Nature, 633 ( 8030), 634– 645.

[3] Dridi, H. , Liu, Y. , Reiken, S. , Liu, X. , Argyrousi, E. K. , Yuan, Q. , … & Marks, A. R. (2023) Heart failure-induced cognitive dysfunction is mediated by intracellular Ca²⁺ leak through ryanodine receptor type 2. Nature Neuroscience, 26 ( 8), 1365– 1378.

[4] Orgeta, V. , Mukadam, N. , Sommerlad, A. , & Livingston, G. (2019) The lancet commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care: A call for action. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 36 ( 2), 85– 88.

[5] World Health Organization. (n. d.). Dementia.

[6] Alzheimer's Disease International. (2023). World Alzheimer report 2023.

[7] Song, Y. , Liu, Y. , Bai, X. , & Yu, H. (2024) Effects of neighborhood built environment on cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics, 24 ( 1), 194.

[8] Manietta, C. , Purwins, D. , Pinkert, C. , Fink, L. , Rommerskirch-Manietta, M. , Feige, M. , … & Roes, M. (2024) Dementia-friendly hospital—The perspective of professional dementia experts. Journal of Clinical Nursing, , 1– 17.

[9] Thijssen, M. , Daniels, R. , Lexis, M. , Jansens, R. , Peeters, J. , Chadborn, N. , … & Graff, M. (2022) How do community based dementia friendly initiatives work for people with dementia and their caregivers, and why? A rapid realist review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37 ( 2), 1– 14.

[10] Mathie, E. , Antony, A. , Killett, A. , Darlington, N. , Buckner, S. , Lafortune, L. , … & Goodman, C. (2022) Dementia-friendly communities: The involvement of people living with dementia. Dementia, 21 ( 4), 1250– 1269.

[11] Green, G., & Lakey, L. (2013). Building dementia-friendly communities: A priority for everyone. Alzheimer's Society.

[12] Heward, M. , Innes, A. , Cutler, C. , & Hambidge, S. (2017) Dementia-friendly communities: Challenges and strategies for achieving stakeholder involvement. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25 ( 3), 858– 867.

[13] Hebert, C. A. , & Scales, K. (2019) Dementia friendly initiatives: A state of the science review. Dementia, 18 ( 5), 1858– 1895.

[14] Lott, S. A. , Streel, E. , Bachman, S. L. , Bode, K. , Dyer, J. , Fitzer-Attas, C. , … & Fromy, P. (2024) Digital health technologies for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: Initial results from a landscape analysis and community collaborative effort. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 11 ( 5), 1480– 1489.

[15] GN Architects. (2022). Dementia-friendly design guidelines.

[16] Biglieri, S. , & Dean, J. (2022) Fostering mobility for people living with dementia in suburban neighborhoods through land use, urban design and wayfinding. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 44 ( 3), 1704– 1718.

[17] Choi, E. Y. , Cho, G. , & Chang, V. W. (2024) Neighborhood social environment and dementia: The mediating role of social isolation. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 79 ( 4), gbad199.

[18] Fahsold, A. , Schmüdderich, K. , Verbeek, H. , Palm, R. , & Holle, B. (2024) Dementia-sensitive environmental design of living units in german nursing homes: First results of the german environmental audit tool (G-EAT). Gesundheitswesen, 86 ( S4), S282– S289.

[19] Khan, A. A. , Das, R. K. , & Imtiaz, R. Z. (2024) Intelligent dementia friendly environment: A preliminary study on the feasibility of integrating assistive humanoid robots, wearable sensors, and spatial technology for maintaining quality of life. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 20 ( S5), e085820.

[20] Zhou, Y. , & Feng, X. (2024) How to design a cognitive garden. China Social Work, ( 11), 11.

[21] Zhao, G. , & Wang, J. (2024) Research on the friendly design methods for shared space in cognitive care facility. Urbanism and Architecture, 21 ( 9), 207– 210.

[22] Hao, S. , Fan, Z. , Li, J. , & Han, H. (2024) Research progress of sensory environment intervention for elderly people in long term care facilities. Art and Design, 2 ( 5), 63– 66.

[23] Anderson, D. C. , Kota, S. S. , Yeh, L. , & Budson, A. E. (2023) Built environment design interventions at the exits of secured dementia care units: A review of the empirical literature. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 16 ( 1), 251– 269.

[24] Kodadek, L. M. , Moore, M. S. , Canner, J. K. , & Schneider, E. B. (2023) Diverticulitis in older adults: Is cognitive impairment associated with outcomes?. Journal of Surgical Research, 291, 359– 366.

[25] Tournier, I. , Orton, L. , Dening, T. , Ahmed, A. , Holthoff-Detto, V. , & Niedderer, K. (2023) An investigation of the wishes, needs, opportunities and challenges of accessing meaningful activities for people living with mild to moderate dementia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 ( 7), 5358.

[26] Li, C. (2023). Research on the residential environment design strategy for the elderly with dementia based on evidence-based design [Master's thesis]. Hunan University.

[27] Lin, J. (2023). Research and design of wayfinding friendly outdoor environment of elderly care institutions for dementia [Master's thesis]. South China University of Technology.

[28] Meng, Y. (2023). Study on the spatial design of cognitive institutions under PCC concept [Master's thesis]. Harbin Normal University.

[29] Lian, F. , & Li, H. (2023) International research advances in physical environment of cognitive-friendly communities: A review and reflection from the perspective of independent living for people with cognitive impairment. World Architecture, ( 6), 66– 71.

[30] Gan, D. R. Y. , Chaudhury, H. , Mann, J. , & Wister, A. V. (2022) Dementia-friendly neighborhood and the built environment: A scoping review. Gerontologist, 62 ( 6), e340– e356.

[31] Placido, J. , de Almeida, C. A. B. , Ferreira, J. V. , de Oliveira Silva, F. , Monteiro-Junior, R. S. , Tangen, G. G. , … & Deslandes, A. C. (2022) Spatial navigation in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Gerontology, 165, 111852.

[32] O'Malley, M. , Innes, A. , & Wiener, J. M. (2020) (Dis)orientation and design preferences within an unfamiliar care environment: A content analysis of older adults' qualitative reports after route learning. Environment and Behavior, 54 ( 1), 116– 142.

[33] Rohr, S. , Rodriguez, F. S. , Siemensmeyer, R. , Muller, F. , Romero-Ortuno, R. , & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2022) How can urban environments support dementia risk reduction? A qualitative study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37 ( 1), 1– 18.

[34] Torku, A. , Chan, A. P. C. , Yung, E. H. K. , Seo, J. , & Antwi-Afari, M. F. (2022) Wearable sensing and mining of the informativeness of older adults' physiological, behavioral, and cognitive responses to detect demanding environmental conditions. Environment and Behavior, 54 ( 6), 1005– 1057.

[35] van Buuren, L. P. G. , & Mohammadi, M. (2022) Dementia-friendly design: A Set of design criteria and design typologies supporting wayfinding. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 15 ( 1), 150– 172.

[36] Huang, Y. (2022). Study on fine design of elderly housing in care unit of cognitive care center [Master's thesis]. Chongqing University.

[37] Wang, T. (2022). The landscape design of aging-adaptive therapy based on the behavioral characteristics of cognitive elderly [Master's thesis]. Shenyang Architecture University.

[38] Qu, C. , & Chen, K. (2022) Research and exploration on dementia-friendly community landscape environment. Landscape Design, ( 5), 46– 51.

[39] Hu, Y. , & Zheng, Y. (2022) Preliminary study on the design of public space in dementia friendly community. Huazhong Architecture, 40 ( 1), 75– 79.

[40] Jin, X. (2022). Research on the influence of built environment on the qualityof life of the elderly with dementia: A case study of elderly care facilities in Beijing and Tianjin [Master's thesis]. Peking University.

[41] Li, J. , Zhou, Y. , & John, Z. (2022) Autonomy-supportive environments for people with dementia: A case study of two dementia care facilities in the U.S. World Architecture, ( 9), 69– 75.

[42] Li, J. , & Huang, Q. (2022) A case study of therapeutic garden of memory care facilities in the U.S. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 38 ( 11), 64– 69.

[43] Hung, L. , Hudson, A. , Gregorio, M. , Jackson, L. , Mann, J. , Horne, N. , … & Phinney, A. (2021) Creating dementia-friendly communities for social inclusion: A scoping review. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 7.

[44] Margot-Cattin, I. , Ludwig, C. , Kühne, N. , Eriksson, G. , Berchtold, A. , Nygard, L. , & Kottorp, A. (2021) Visiting out-of-home places when living with dementia: A cross-sectional observational study. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 88 ( 2), 131– 141.

[45] Park, S. , Kim, B. , Amano, T. , & Chen, Q. (2019) Home environment, living alone, and trajectories of cognitive function among older adults with functional limitations. Environment and Behavior, 53 ( 3), 252– 276.

[46] Rodgers, P. A. (2021) Designing work with people living with dementia: Reflecting on a decade of research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 ( 22), 11742.

[47] Rosso, A. L. , Harding, A. B. , Clarke, P. J. , Studenski, S. A. , & Rosano, C. (2021) Associations of neighborhood walkability and walking behaviors by cognitive trajectory in older adults. Gerontologist, 61 ( 7), 1053– 1061.

[48] Sturge, J. , Klaassens, M. , Lager, D. , Weitkamp, G. , Vegter, D. , & Meijering, L. (2021) Using the concept of activity space to understand the social health of older adults living with memory problems and dementia at home. Social Science & Medicine, 288, 113208.

[49] Sturge, J. , Nordin, S. , Patil, D. S. , Jones, A. , Légaré, F. , Elf, M. , & Meijering, L. (2021) Features of the social and built environment that contribute to the well-being of people with dementia who live at home: A scoping review. Health & Place, 67, 102483.

[50] Han, R. (2021). The study on the Chinese environmentaudit tool (C-EAT) for memory care facilities [Master's thesis]. Harbin Institute of Technology.

[51] Yang, J. (2021). Dementia care space based on therapeutie concept research on design strategy [Master's thesis]. Hunan University.

[52] Astell-Burt, T. , Navakatikyan, M. A. , & Feng, X. (2020) Urban green space, tree canopy and 11-year risk of dementia in a cohort of 109,688 Australians. Environment International, 145, 106102.

[53] Charras, K. , Bébin, C. , Laulier, V. , Mabire, J.-B. , & Aquino, J.-P. (2020) Designing dementia-friendly gardens: A workshop for landscape architects: Innovative Practice. Dementia, 19 ( 7), 2504– 2512.

[54] Clark, A. , Campbell, S. , Keady, J. , Kullberg, A. , Manji, K. , Rummery, K. , & Ward, R. (2020) Neighbourhoods as relational places for people living with dementia. Social Science & Medicine, 252, 112927.

[55] Clare, A. , Camic, P. M. , Crutch, S. J. , West, J. , Harding, E. , & Brotherhood, E. (2020) Using music to develop a multisensory communicative environment for people with late-stage dementia. Gerontologist, 60 ( 6), 1115– 1125.

[56] Katayama, O. , Lee, S. , Makino, K. , Chiba, I. , Bae, S. , Shinkai, Y. , … & Shimada, H. (2020) The association between neighborhood amenities and cognitive function: Role of lifestyle activities. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 ( 7), 2109.

[57] Leung, M.-Y. , Wang, C. , & Wei, X. (2020) Structural model for the relationships between indoor built environment and behaviors of residents with dementia in care and attention homes. Building and Environment, 169, 106532.

[58] Puthusseryppady, V. , Manley, E. , Lowry, E. , Patel, M. , & Hornberger, M. (2020) Impact of road network structure on dementia-related missing incidents: A spatial buffer approach. Scientific Reports, 10 ( 1), 18574.

[59] Mmako, N. J. , Courtney-Pratt, H. , & Marsh, P. (2020) Green spaces, dementia and a meaningful life in the community: A mixed studies review. Health Place, 63, 102344.

[60] Røsvik, J. , & Rokstad, A. M. M. (2020) What are the needs of people with dementia in acute hospital settings, and what interventions are made to meet these needs? A systematic integrative review of the literature. BMC Health Services Research, 20 ( 1), 723.

[61] Shiells, K. , Pivodic, L. , Holmerova, I. , & Van den Block, L. (2020) Self-reported needs and experiences of people with dementia living in nursing homes: A scoping review. Aging & Mental Health, 24 ( 10), 1553– 1568.

[62] Li, J. (2020) Beijing, China Zhangyou Huiyuan memory care center. ArchiCreation, ( 5), 66– 73.

[63] Li, J. (2020) Research on physical environments of dementia care facility under "person-centered care" philosophy: A case study of facilities in the United States. ArchiCreation, ( 5), 48– 55.

[64] Cheng, P. (2020). Study on the design of dementia care facilities for the aged in urban areas—Taking Beijing as an example [Master's thesis]. Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture.

[65] Qiu, T. , Ding, J. , & Fan, Z. (2020) Tokyo, Japan Arisunomori Kinoko Minamiazabu. ArchiCreation, ( 5), 156– 161.

[66] Li, J. (2020) Sydney, Australia, the village by Scalabrini. ArchiCreation, ( 5), 192– 197.

[67] Zheng, Y. , & Zeng, Z. (2020) Steenbergen, Netherlands Verpleeghuis Hof van Nassau. ArchiCreation, ( 5), 100– 107.

[68] Ludden, G. D. S. , van Rompay, T. J. L. , Niedderer, K. , & Tournier, I. (2019) Environmental design for dementia care—Towards more meaningful experiences through design. Maturitas, 128, 10– 16.

[69] Guo, Y. , Chan, C. H. , Chang, Q. , Liu, T. , & Yip, P. S. F. (2019) Neighborhood environment and cognitive function in older adults: A multilevel analysis in Hong Kong. Health Place, 58, 102146.

[70] Koohsari, M. J. , Nakaya, T. , McCormack, G. R. , Shibata, A. , Ishii, K. , Yasunaga, A. , & Oka, K. (2019) Cognitive function of elderly persons in Japanese neighborhoods: The role of street layout. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias^®, 34 ( 6), 381– 389.

[71] Luo, Y. , Zhang, L. , & Pan, X. (2019) Neighborhood environments and cognitive decline among middle-aged and older people in China. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological sciences and social sciences, 74 ( 7), e60– e71.

[72] Salimi, S. , Irish, M. , Foxe, D. , Hodges, J. R. , Piguet, O. , & Burrell, J. R. (2019) Visuospatial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 402, 74– 80.

[73] Van Hecke, L. , Van Steenwinkel, I. , & Heylighen, A. (2019) How enclosure and spatial organization affect residents' use and experience of a dementia special care unit: A case study. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 12 ( 1), 145– 159.

[74] Jiang, M. (2019). Comparative study on the system and spatial layout of urban pension facilities in China and Japan—Taking Tianjin and Osaka as examples [Master's thesis]. Tianjin University.

[75] Lei, J. (2019). Study on the living space designof dementia long-term carefacilitiesfrom the perspective of daily activities [Master's thesis]. Southeast China University.

[76] Lei, J. , Zhang, Y. , & Zhang, S. (2019) The design research of public activity space of elderly dementia care facilities from "look after" to "keep company". Huazhong Architecture, 37 ( 4), 40– 45.

[77] Lian, F. , Xiang, L. , & Miao, C. (2019) Policies, designs and examples of dementia-friendly communities in the United Kingdom. World Architecture, ( 2), 104– 109.

[78] Chau, H.-W. , Newton, C. , Woo, C. , Ma, N. , Wang, J. , & Aye, L. (2018) Design lessons from three Australian dementia support facilities. Buildings, 8 ( 5), 67.

[79] Cherrie, M. P. C. , Shortt, N. K. , Mitchell, R. J. , Taylor, A. M. , Redmond, P. , Thompson, C. W. , … & Pearce, J. R. (2018) Green space and cognitive ageing: A retrospective life course analysis in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Social Science & Medicine, 196, 56– 65.

[80] de Keijzer, C. , Tonne, C. , Basagana, X. , Valentín, A. , Singh-Manoux, A. , Alonso, J. , … & Dadvand, P. (2018) Residential surrounding greenness and cognitive decline: A 10-year follow-up of the Whitehall Ⅱ cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126 ( 7), 077003.

[81] Goto, S. , Gianfagia, T. J. , Munafo, J. P. , Fujii, E. , Shen, X. , Sun, M. , … & Herrup, K. (2017) The power of traditional design techniques: The effects of viewing a Japanese garden on individuals with cognitive impairment. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 10 ( 4), 74– 86.

[82] Gobbens, R. J. J. , & van Assen, M. (2018) Associations of environmental factors with quality of life in older adults. Gerontologist, 58 ( 1), 101– 110.

[83] Salimi, S. , Irish, M. , Foxe, D. , Hodges, J. R. , Piguet, O. , & Burrell, J. R. (2018) Can visuospatial measures improve the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 10, 66– 74.

[84] Strickfaden, M. , & Lin, Y. (2018) Caring by design: Innovating living spaces for persons with dementia. Community Design, ( 4), 46– 71.

[85] Chen, H. , Kwong, J. C. , Copes, R. , Tu, K. , Villeneuve, P. J. , van Donkelaar, A. , … & Burnett, R. T. (2017) Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: A population-based cohort study. Lancet, 389 ( 10070), 718– 726.

[86] Meiland, F. , Innes, A. , Mountain, G. , Robinson, L. , van der Roest, H. , Garcia-Casal, J. A. , … & Franco-Martin, M. (2017) Technologies to support community-dwelling persons with dementia: A position paper on issues regarding development, usability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, deployment, and ethics. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, 4 ( 1), e6376.

[87] O'Malley, M. , Innes, A. , & Wiener, J. M. (2017) Decreasing spatial disorientation in care-home settings: How psychology can guide the development of dementia friendly design guidelines. Dementia, 16 ( 3), 315– 328.

[88] Brorsson, A. , Öhman, A. , Lundberg, S. , & Nygard, L. (2016) Being a pedestrian with dementia: A qualitative study using photo documentation and focus group interviews. Dementia, 15 ( 5), 1124– 1140.

[89] Fleming, R. , Goodenough, B. , Low, L. F. , Chenoweth, L. , & Brodaty, H. (2016) The relationship between the quality of the built environment and the quality of life of people with dementia in residential care. Dementia, 15 ( 4), 663– 680.

[90] Dai, J., Zhou, D., & Xu, Y. (2015). Study on the environmental design of residential space for elders with dementia. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Transportation 2015 (pp. 1319–1326). Atlantis Press.

[91] Wu, Y.-T. , Prina, A. M. , Jones, A. P. , Barnes, L. E. , Matthews, F. E. , & Brayne, C. (2015) Community environment, cognitive impairment and dementia in later life: Results from the cognitive function and ageing study. Age and Ageing, 44 ( 6), 1005– 1011.

[92] Fleming, R. , & Purandare, N. (2010) Long-term care for people with dementia: Environmental design guidelines. International Psychogeriatrics, 22 ( 7), 1084– 1096.

[93] Fukui, T. , Lee, E. , Kitamura, M. , Hosoda, H. , Bokui, C. , Ikusu, K. , & Okita, K. (2009) Visuospatial dysfunction may be a key in the differentiation between Alzheimer's disease and subcortical cognitive impairment in moderate to severe stages. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28 ( 4), 288– 294.

[94] Marquardt, G. , & Schmieg, P. (2009) Dementia-friendly architecture: Environments that facilitate wayfinding in nursing homes. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias^®, 24 ( 4), 333– 340.

[95] Galvão, Y. M. , Ferreira, J. , Albuquerque, V. A. , Barros, P. , & Fernandes, B. J. T. (2021) A multimodal approach using deep learning for fall detection. Expert Systems with Applications, 168, 114226.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

© Higher Education Press 2025