The adhesion between warp sizing and fiber was systematically studied by using the roving method. Cotton roving and polyester roving were sized with various concentrations between 0.01% and 2.50% of acid-thinned starch, polyvinyl alcohol and water-soluble polyester sizing, respectively, and tensile property of the sized roving was tested accordingly. The break force of the sized roving was considered as the adhesion force of the sizing to the fiber in the roving method. The experimental results show that the effects of sizing film strength and fiber strength on the adhesive force can be weakened when the concentration 0.5% of size paste is used, instead of 1% in the roving method. The size morphology in the sized roving and on the surface was observed through scanning electron microscopy, in the form of penetration and coverage of the sizing in or on the roving. On the other hand, the Young-Dupré equation was used to calculate the adhesion work. The advantages and disadvantages of roving method and the adhesion work method were compared. The adhesion obtained by both two methods reflects the rule of chemical similarity between warp sizing and fiber.

Hollow nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials covered with different thicknesses of carbon layers were synthesized to assist evaluation of the influence of nitrogen atom on the surrounding carbon atoms. The designed carbon-based materials were synthesized through pyrolysis of surface-attached block copolymer layers on silica nanoparticles with different thicknesses of the second block of grafted polymer chains, followed by removal of silica templates. The experimental results reveal that coverage a carbon layer with proper thickness can improve the oxygen reaction reduction activity of nitrogen-doped carbon materials as evidenced by the positive shift of half-wave potential in linear scanning voltammetry response curves. The conclusions may provide a reference work on understanding the active sites and designing materials with superior electrochemical performance.

The ceramifiable polymer composite of MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂/boron phenolic resin(MAS/BPF) with 40wt% of inorganic fillers was calcined at 1 200 °C for different time to promote ceramification of ceramifiable composite and improve heat resistance. The effects of different calcine time on the macroscopical morphology, mass loss, phase evolution, microstructure and chemical bond evolution of MAS/BPF composites were characterized by XRD, XPS, and SEM analyses. The experimental results reveal that the increase of calcine time result in the fewer holes, relatively denser and smoother top layer of MAS/BPF composites and protect the interior from deeper decomposition. The final residues of composites are amorphous carbon and C-O-Si-Al-Mg ceramic. And MAS/BPF composites show excellent mass stability, low shrinkage and self-supporting features after 2 h holding compared with BPF composites without 40wt% of inorganic fillers.

Fresh EPF proteins from Liangzi Lake were employed as a template to synthesize hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped TiO₂ in a single process. The experimental results show that N-TiO₂ sample exhibits significantly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity in both chemical waste treatment and hydrogen production, and the visible-light photocatalytic activities vary with the concentrations of EPF proteins. The optimal concentration of protein is 600 mg·mL⁻¹ and the degradation of RhB could be almost completed in just 25 min. Furthermore, the performance of as-synthesized TiO₂ as an electrode for Li-ion battery can be also regulated by the EPF proteins. Natural extrapallial fluid (EPF) proteins extracted from the same kind of mussels living in different regions have significantly different effects on the performances of TiO₂ as electrode materials for Li-ion battery. The present work highlights the unimaginable effects of natural organic matrix on the synthesis of advanced materials with optimized functional properties.

Hierarchical porous carbon material (MMC) was successfully fabricated via hard template synthesis method by carbonization of furfury alcohol within the template (MCM-41). The prepared MMC was studied with characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses, and infrared spectral analysis (FTIR). To investigate kinetics of toluene adsorption of hierarchical porous carbon materials, the adsorption performances of these carbon samples with varying pore structure (MC-1, MMC, MMHPC) were analyzed via dynamic adsorption. And the Langmuir model and Freundlich equation were employed to correspond with adsorption isotherms to study the adsorption mechanism. The experimental results demonstrate that the Langmuir model is more appropriate to describe the adsorption process. The capacities of toluene adsorption follow the order of MMC < MMHPC (micro-meso hierarchical porous carbon) < MC-1(microporous carbon). MC-1 has satisfactory absorption performance due to its large pore volume and high ratio of micropores. MMHPC has excellent toluene adsorption performance for proper amounts of surface oxygen containing groups. Long saturation time, interconnected hierarchical pore channels, and large specific surface area make MMC also a promising material for VOCs treatment. These data reveal that the pore channel structure, rational pore distribution, high surface area and reasonable amounts of surface oxygen groups are the main factors contributed to excellent toluene adsorption performance, which proposes theoretical basis for hierarchical porous carbon materials to further engineering application.

We reported a rapid synthesis of Sm³⁺/Zr⁴⁺ co-doped Gd₂Ti₂O₇ pyrochlore simulated nuclear wastes solidification by self-propagation plus quick pressing technique. With increment excess contents of Sm₂O₃ and ZrO₂ from 0 to 10wt%, the phase composition of the products is a mixed phase of pyrochlore structure and defective fluorite structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Raman spectrum. In addition, the SEM results demonstrate the fracture surface and microstructure of Gd₂Ti₂O₇-based pyrochlore. The densified pyrochlore waste form exhibits high bulk density of 5.56 g·cm⁻³ and vickers hardness of 11.20±0.2 GPa. The leaching tests show that the elemental leaching rates of Gd, Sm, and Cu after 42 days are 1.92×10⁻⁴, 1.51×10⁻⁴, and 3.90×10⁻³ g·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively.

2wt% TiB₂/Cu composite powders were fabricated in situ by reactive gas atomization. The fabricated composite powder exhibits high sphericity, and the powder sizes range from 5 µm to 150 µm. The morphology of the Cu matrix and the distribution of the TiB₂ particles in the composite powders vary with the powder size. The critical transitions of interface morphologies from dendritic-to-cellular and cellular-to-planar interfaces occurs when the composite powder sizes decrease to 34 µm and 14 µm, respectively. Compared with pure Cu droplets, the composite droplets undergo critical transition of the interface morphologies at a smaller droplet size corresponding to a higher cooling rate because the existence of TiB₂ particles can cause instability in the advancing solidification front and heterogeneous nucleation. With decreasing powder size, the extent of the TiB₂ particle interdendritic segregation decreases as the result of enhanced engulfment of TiB₂ particles by the advancing solidification front.

A novel V-doped CeO₂-supported alkali-activated-steel-slag-based catalyst (V-CeO₂/AC) for photocatalytic decomposition of water to hydrogen was prepared via co-impregnation method. The chemical composition, mineral phase, morphology, and optical performances of the synthesized catalyst samples were characterized by XRF, XRD, SEM, UV-Vis DRS, and so on. XRD and SEM results show that calcium silicate hydrate (Ca_1.5SiO_3.5·xH₂O) mineral phase is formed in the carrier sample, and the prepared catalyst specimens are made up of approximately 50 nm particles. After 6 hours of xenon lamp irradiation, the catalyst supported on V-doped 8wt% CeO₂ exhibits the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production activity (8 292 µmol/g), which is attributed to the interaction between the V-doped CeO₂ active components and FeO existed in catalyst carrier. A possible photocatalytic decomposition of water for hydrogen production mechanism over the V-8CeO₂/AC catalyst was proposed.

The densification and the structure evolution of the plasma activated sintered (PAS sintered) ZrB₂-ZrO₂ composite via the ZrO₂-coated ZrB₂ powder (ZrB₂@ZrO₂) prepared by in situ passivation method were investigated. The composition and microstructure were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, and EDS techniques. The coated powder has excellent sintering performance. The relative density of the composite reaches above 90% at 1 200 °C, and the main sintering process occurs between ZrO₂ particles. While at above 1 500 °C, the relative density reaches above 95% and the main sintering process occurs between ZrB₂ and ZrO₂ particles. With the increase of ZrO₂ coating content, the structure of the sintered body changes from ZrB₂ continuous network structure to island structure. When the content is 20%, an island structure is formed. Increasing the ZrO₂ content further causes the overheating of ZrO₂. Thus, the best sintering performance reaches when the coating content is 20wt%.

The reactivity ratio of monomer and the microstructure of copolymer as polycarboxylate ether (PCE) superplasticizer were investigated. Polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs) were synthesized from methyl allyl polyethylene glycol (MAPEG, M _w=2 400 g/mol) and methacrylic acid (MAA) via aqueous free radical copolymerization in low conversion (P<20%). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to track the residual concentration of the reactants and the amount of copolymer formed during the copolymerization. The reactivity ratios of monomers, MAPEG and MAA, were determined as r _1(MAPEG) =0.0489 and r _2(MAA) =1.6173, respectively, by employing the K-T and YBR methods. According to the obtained monomer reactivity results, the sequence distribution of the copolymer, the number average length of MAA in the polymerisate were found to decline with the decrease of the mole fraction of MAA in the polymerization system. As a result, the distribution of chain segments becomes narrower and the copolymer structure becomes more uniform. Therefore, uniform polymers could be obtained by slowly adding MAA monomer during copolymerization process.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanorods were synthesized using a citrate-assisted hydrothermal method. NaH₂PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, and Na₃PO₄ were used as the phosphate sources and the influences of pH value were investigated. The XRD results show that pure hexagonal HA can be synthesized using Na₃PO₄·12H₂O as the phosphate source with the citrate solution pH ranging from 5.0 to 7.6. The zeta potential evaluation demonstrates that as-synthesized HA nanorods are colloidally stable and the aqueous dispersion can be maintained homogenous without any sediment or creaming for more than at least a month. The Ca/P molar ratio of the HA nanorods is about 1.60, indicating that the HA nanorods are calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. Besides, owing to the excellent colloidal stability and rod-like morphology with a high aspect ratio (>6), the HA aqueous dispersion undergoes a phase transition from an isotropic state to a liquid crystalline state upon increasing the particle concentration to 17wt%. The completely liquid crystalline phase forms when the particle concentration reaches above 30wt%.

Graphene aerogel was synthesized and used for the removal of methyl blue from aqueous solutions. The effect of solution pH, temperature and adsorption time on the adsorption performance of the graphene aerogel was studied systematically. In addition, investigations were also performed to determine the nature of adsorption. The experimental results show that graphene aerogel is a highly efficient adsorbent for the treatment of methyl blue in aqueous solutions. In addition, the adsorption of methyl blue proceeds through a single layer physical adsorption on the graphene aerogel. The findings herein are useful for the future development of adsorbent for in water.

The crystallization behavior of Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glasses with various concentration of Li₂O were investigated by DSC, XRD, and FE-SEM. The h/l-quartz s.s. is the main crystalline phase for all of the glass with the heat treatment of 720 °C/3 h+800°C/1.5 h while the crystallinity and crystal size increase with the increase of Li₂O contents. Due to the negative thermal expansion coefficient of h/l-quartz s.s., the thermal expansion coefficient of glass-ceramics decreases with the increasing of Li₂O contents. When the Li₂O content is 9mol%, the near-zero CTE_{20–700 °C}= −0.09 × 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹ is obtained upon the heat treatment of 720 °C/3 h+800 °C/1.5 h. The crystallization activation energy of the glass with 9mol% Li₂O is about 351 kJ/mol, and the crystallization mechanism is volume crystallization.

We investigated the mechanism of crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition (CAPT) for amorphous berlinite (α-AlPO₄) under high pressure using ab initio constant-pressure techniques. Our results show that the pressure to the change in phase transition takes place at around 20 GPa, which is inconsistent with the previous results of around 15 GPa. To confirm the feasibility of our model, the calculated X-ray powder diffraction for crystal berlinite is concordant with the standard PDF card. By assessing a full spectrum of properties including atomic structure, bonding characteristics, electron density of states and real-space pair distribution function at each pressure, we reveal the details of phase transition. Importantly, all the information from our present results elucidates that Al-O bonds play an irreplaceable role during the process of phase transition to uncover the structural and electronic properties of berlinite. Overall, our work substantiates that it is essential to utilize a wide range of changes in order to provide a comprehensive understanding on the nature of the CAPT in other inorganic oxides.

The nanocrystalline WC-10Co composite powders were produced with the processing method of spray thermal decomposition-continuous reduction & carburization. The grain growth inhibitors of 0.4wt% Cr₃C₂ and 0.4wt% VC were added into the composite powders to obtain advanced ultrafine hardmetals with minimal porosity, defects and discontinuous. The rod samples were formed by extrusion. They were sintered in cacuum with SIP treatment. The sintered rods were made into PCB microdrill samples after polishing. Mechanical properties(such as density, hardness, transverse rupture strenth(TRS), magnetic saturation induction and magnetic coercivity) of the sintered ultrafine cemented carbides were measured. The microstructures of them were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The experimental results show that the transverse rupture strength of the samples sintered in vacuum with sinterhip(SIP) treatment is more excellent. The grain size could be controlled in a range of 200–400 nm with the help of grain growth inhibitors. And the superfine grained materials have superior strength(3900 MPa) and high hardness(HRA = 93.3). These features are ideal for PCB microdrills.

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and transportation kinetics near the propagating solid-liquid interface dominates the rapid solidification process, which is far from a thermodynamically stable state. Rapid solidification process can be described more precisely using quantitative thermodynamic calculation of phase diagram with nonlinear liquidus and solidus and evaluating the nonequilibrium effect in diffusion kinetics. Based on these basic principles, we used a current nonequilibrium dendrite growth model to describe rapid solidification process of deeply undercooled alloys. Evolution of the key fundamental solidification parameters was also evaluated.

The existing form and reaction mechanism of Sb in heat resistane Mg-Gd-Y-Sb rare earth magnesium alloy were investigated by inductive coupled plasma emission spectroscopy(ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It is found that Sb tends to form high melting point intermetallics with rare earth elements of Gd and Y. The existing form of Sb is determined to be GdSb and SbY, respectively, which has high melting point (GdSb: 2 142 °C/SbY: 1 782 °C). Meanwhile, the first principle calculation and electronegativity difference calculation were performed to further understand the reaction mechanism. Therefore, the forming heat and binding energy were calculated. The experimental results show that the binding tendency of Sb element to Gd and Y is much stronger than that of it with other elements in this alloy, which results in the formation of high melting point of Gd-Sb and Y-Sb intermetallics, and finally leads to the high temperature resistant further improvement of the Mg-Gd-Y magnesium alloy.

To obtain a better understanding the thermal stress of a rail, the thermal simulator was used to measure the expansion curves of different stresses loaded during the continuous cooling process of U75V rail. The transformation plasticity model was established. The experimental results show that stress can accelerate the transformation process of pearlite. While the same cooling rate is accelerated with the increase of stress, the transformation process of pearlite is accelerated, and the proportion of plastic strain transformation in total strain increases. At the same stress, the process of transformation of pearlite decreases with the increase in cooling rate, and the proportion of transformation plastic strain in total strain decreases. When considering the transformation plasticity, the axial residual stress is more consistent with the actual working condition, the accuracy of the transformation plasticity model is higher; during the continuous cooling process, and the loading stress has a significant influence on the structure. When the stress increases, the orientation of the pearlite lamellae becomes disordered, the pearlite lamellae are bent, the lamellae spacing is no longer uniform, and the hardness is improved.

In order to evaluate the thermal oxidation degradation behavior of lubricant with different antioxidants, the thermal kinetics equation based on the anlyses of thermogravimetry(TG), differential thermal analysis(DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) was established, respectively, to calculate the activation energy of lubricant thermal-oxidative reaction. The thermal analyses of TG and DTA were employed to determine the thermal decomposition properties of ester oils trimethylolpropane trioleate(TMPTO) with butyloctyl-diphenylamine/octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate/amine-phenol combination antioxidant. The activation energy of the lubricating oil adding antioxidant is increased relative to the TMPTO base oil, and the order of activation energy are E _c (93.732 kJ·mol⁻¹)>E _d (88.71 kJ·mol⁻¹)>E _b (58.41 kJ·mol⁻¹) >E _a (46.32 kJ·mol⁻¹). The experimental results show that octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate in TMPTO has favorable resistance to thermal oxidation and decomposition. The thermal analysis method of DSC accurately reflects the heat exchange of lubricant thermal-oxidative reaction. The order of activation energy is calculated to E _D (144.385 kJ·mol⁻¹) > E _C (110.05 kJ·mol⁻¹) > E _B (97.187 kJ·mol⁻¹) > E _A (66.02 kJ·mol⁻¹). It is illustrated that the amine-phenol combination antioxidant has the best thermal oxidation resistance, which is the same as what the oxidation onset temperature effected.

A thermal-responsive photonic crystal material was fabricated by forming an inverse opal nanocomposite hydrogel of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (IONH_PNIPAm) within the interstitial space of a polystyrene photonic crystal template. In IONH_PNIPAm, PNIPAm were physically cross-linked with two kinds of nanoparticles (carbon dots and laponite clays). The integration of carbon dots and laponite clays for physical crosslinking endowed IONH_PNIPAm sufficient strength and self-healing property. IONH_PNIPAm films can be completely peeled from the substrates to be utilized as an independent photonic crystal material. The structural color and optical diffraction of the IONH_PNIPAm exhibits a rapid reversible change in response to external thermal stimuli due to its physical cross-linking feature. Moreover, the IONH_PNIPAm shows clear fluorescence due to the introduction of carbon dots, which enables a convenient way for chemical detection (such as the detection of silver ions). This stimuli-responsive photonic crystal materials based on physically cross-linked inverse opal nanocomposite hydrogels with fast response and good mechanical stability are promising for applications in the fields of smart optical detectors, thermal-responsive sensors and chemical detectors.

The viscosity evolution for different temperatures was studied experimentally. A time-varying viscosity model was derived and the influence of the initial temperature on gel time was analyzed. The experimental results show that the viscosity of polymer grout increases exponentially with time. It can be divided into two phases. Before gelation, the viscosity variable quantity is very small. At the gel point, there is a sudden increase in viscosity. The initial viscosity and gel time decrease with the increasing initial temperature within a certain range, The study contributes to deepening understanding of the rheological properties of polymer grout, which can provide some references for polymer grouting construction.