Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 carrying pBI121 plasmid was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of three genotypes (E-Hb, E-Ma, and E-Mc) of loblolly pine. The results demonstrated that the expression frequency of β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) varied among genotypes after mature zygotic embryos were infected withAgrobacterium tumefaciens cultures. The highest frequency (27.8%) of GUS expressing embryos was obtained from genotype E-Mc with mean number of 21.9 blue GUS spots per embryo. Expression of β-glucuronidase reporter gene was observed on cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of transformed mature zygotic embryos, as well as on organogenic callus and regenerated shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Nineteen regenerated transgenic plants were obtained from GUS expression and kanamycin resistant calli. The presence and integration of the GUS gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. These results suggested that an efficientAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for the future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.

One-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis, Phellodendron amurense were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) with 700 and 500 ώmol/mol CO₂ concentrations, control chamber and on open site (ambient CO₂, about 350 ώmol/mol CO₂) respectively at the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the growth course responses of three species to elevated CO₂ and temperature during one growing season was studied from May to Oct. 1999. The results showed that increase in CO₂ concentration enhanced the growth of seedlings and the effect of 700 (ώmol/mol CO₂ was more remarkable than 500 ώmol/mol CO₂ on seedling growth. Under the condition of doubly elevated CO₂ concentration, the biomass increased by 38% in average for coniferous seedlings and 60% for broad-leaved seedlings. With continuous treatment of high CO₂ concentration, the monthly-accumulated biomass of shade-tolerantPinus koraiensis seedlings was bigger in July than in August and September, while those ofPinus sylvestriformis andPhellodendron amurense seedlings showed an increase in July and August, or did not decrese until September. During the hot August, high CO₂ concentration enhanced the growth ofPinus koraiensis seedlings by increasing temperature, but it did not show dominance in other two species.

The stomatal behavior ofAdenophora lobophylla of different age structures was studied in July 1995 in greenhouse of the Harbin Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University by means of shading experiment. The effects of different shading treatments on the stomatal physiological character and ecological adaptation ofA. lobophylla of different ages were compared. The results showed that the morphological characters of annualA. lobophylla were more obvious than that of the perennial, but the stomatal density of annual was less than that of perennial. Growth of annualA. lobophylla was more sensitive to the change of environment than that of the perennial. The ecological adaptation of annual was weak, which was one of the main causes of endangered population.

To understand the quantitative dynamics and death reason of stimulating regeneration seedlings is significant for stimulating the natural regeneration ofLarix gmelinii and implement of conservation project of natural forest. This paper summarized location observations and directly-seeding simulation experiments of six permanent sample plots that were set up after the seed bumper harvest year ofLarix gmelinii in 1989. The study showed that stimulating natural regeneration seedlings had a large mortality in the first three years, especially in the first year of seedling emergence. After three years seedlings died less and stepped into the stable regeneration stage. A large number of seedlings died of sunscald as the primary death reason. For those areas of good site conditions and rich soil, damping-off would cause seedlings to death in large quantities. The task of stimulating regeneration is mainly to get rid of the litter (forest floor) on burned areas. By means of promoting measures, emergence rate of sown seeds would be several times and dozens of times higher than that of seed shedding on the condition of retention of forest floor. Promoting the regeneration need to select the suitable site against great slope and low-lying lands; at the same time, be careful of the avoidance of frost heaving by depression water.

In “West Development” of China, one of the most important activities is the Natural Forest Protection Program, designed to swiftly convert the focus of management and utilization of the natural forests from a timber orientation towards forest conservation, sustainable management and environmental protection. The project covered almost all the arid and semi-arid regions in Northwest region. Accompanying this great campaign this paper studied the conservation and restoration model of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid lands in Northwest China. The past practices have resulted in considerably natural forest degradation and loss through land conversion (primarily for agriculture), over-harvesting, inadequate reforestation and lack of protection. The consequences have been the loss of soil and water resources, diminished timber production capacity on a sustainable basis, and environmental losses. This paper applied Aronson’s restoration model and proposed the conservation, restoration, re-allocation and preservation program for the implementation of environmental improvement and natural forest conservation.

By the methods of morphological anatomy and investigation in the sample fields, the main studies were carried out such as morphological anatomy of reproductive organs, birch population’s reproductive ages, reproductive allotment value and seed behavior. The relationship between birch population and their surroundings was studied. The results showed that birch’s flower organs and its seeds were suitable well for spreading by wind. The seeds by wind can fly far away in a short time. The quantity of seed spreading greatly varied with different communities. Birch’s reproduction age can be changed in different ecological surroundings. The reproductive allotment value of birch was obviously different at different reproductive stages. In the mesic habitat, birch can grow well. The lowest reproductive age of them was 12, average age 15. In most cases the age of branches to bearing fruits was more than 18. The order of reproductive allotment values was as follows: a flowering phase > flower bud phase > fruit phase.

Riney kidney fat index (RKFI), whole kidney fat index (WKFI), femur marrow fat index (FMFI), and tibia marrow fat index (TMFI) of 51 Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa), collected in Hulunbeier grassland, Inner Mongolian, China, were measured during spring, autumn and winter in 1997–98. These different indexes were compared for using them in assessing the body condition. There was a linear relationship (y=0.9444x−20.139; r=0.9454; p<0.01) between RKFI and KMFI. A linear relationship (y=0.9348x+1.1843; r=0.9875; P<0.01) between TMFI and FMFI also occurred for gazelles. There was a curvilinear relationship (y=31.44Ln(x)−44.403; r=0.8643; P<0.01) between FMFI and RKFI. FMFI remained high, while RKFI decreased to a certain extent. After most of the kidney fat was used, the femur marrow fat abruptly decreased. The results showed that the kidney fat index is more adequate for evaluating the population nutrition in good condition, but marrow fat index was more useful for assessing in poorer nutritional condition.

This paper probes into the molecular genetic mechanism of the formation of species, subspecies and variety in evolving progression, and brings forward 5 criteria of an ideal strategy in species identification: stating the specific characteristics at species, subspecies and variety level without any interference of too high polymorphism at individual or population level; keys should be distributed as 0 or 1, e. g. yes or no; satisfying repeatability and simple operation; high veracity and reliability; adaptability to widely various specimen. Respectively, this paper reviews two strategies focusing on detecting the fragment length polymorphism and base replacement and lays out some detail methods under above strategies. It demonstrates that it is not possible to solve all species problems by pursuing identification with only a single gene or DNA fragment. Only based on thorough consideration of all strategies, a method or combined several methods could bring satisfying reliability. For advanced focuses, it requires not only development and optimization of methods under above strategies, but also new originality of creative strategies.

Based on the present studies and literatures about the poplar diseases in China, the present study situation of poplar disease was introduced in this paper. 31 kinds of poplar diseases were collected of which there were 14 kinds of leaves disease, 11 kinds of branch disease, 4 kinds of root disease, 2 kinds of stand rot. Each poplar species was studied on the harm, distribution, symptom, pathogens, occurrence regulation and control measures. According to previously studies, the sustained control tactics of poplar disease were summarized in this paper.

The life circle and bionomics ofLymantria dispar was studied from the May to the July of 1997 in Tulihe Forestry Enterprise of Inner Mongolia. The results showed thatL. dispar has one generation in a year, larvae overwinters in eggs, and last 50 days to grow up. From the completing of larvae period to the appearing of adults lasts 11 days. The study made a basis for the period forecasting of L.dispar in Inner Mongolia.

Red pine (Pinus resinosia Ait) and southern pine (Pinus spp.) sapwood blocks were pressure treated with CCA-C at retention of 6.4, 2.0, 1.5 kgm^-3 followed by fixation using 11 post-treatment schedules ranging from 50–70 °C and 5 different relative humidity conditions. The effect of these post-treatment schedules on fixation rate, chemical leachability and decay resistant once were evaluated to better understand the effects of fixation/drying conditions on leachability and biodeterioration. Southern pine blocks fixes slightly slower than red pine. Fixation of CCA at high temperature high humidity, essential initially fixation at high humidity for fixation/drying schedules, resulted in lower leaching of chromium and arsenic elements than high temperature low humidity or initially fixation at the high temperature low humidity conditions. Copper leaching was indicated no significant difference under 11 fixation/drying conditions for both species. Weight losses for southern pine byChaetomium globosum was lower than red pine byGloeophyllom trabeum. There were some different capacities of decay resistance for both species under those post treatment conditions.

From the microstructure of wood, theoretical expressions of the wood specific heat were derived by statistical mechanics. With the theoretical expressions derived, the theoretical values of specific heat for 33 tree species, with different moisture contents and under varied temperature conditions were calculated and comparison was also made to the experimental values under the same conditions. The results showed that the maximum error and mean error by the theoretical expressions of this paper are only 7.8% and 2.5% respectively, while those error of the theoretical values for 33 tree species calculated with Dunlap’s empiric equation were 15.2% (max.) and 9.3% (mean), and for КИрИЛЛОВ empiric equation, they were 20% (max.) and 11% (mean).

Due to large area disturbed and great deal of energy cost during skidding operations, introducing or applying the appropriate techniques of timber extracting could significantly reduce the impact of timber extraction operations to forest environment while pursuing the reasonable operation costs. Four environmentally sound timber extraction techniques for small tree harvesting, particularly for thinning operations, were presented and introduced in this paper. The results of evaluation, test or practices indicated that these timber-extracting techniques are feasible, applicable and reasonable in small tree harvesting with a relatively low impact no environment and a moderate operation cost.

In this paper, the node movement analysis of the levers of band saw tightening system is developed. A group of theoretical displacement and distortion equations of levers are presented using the Lagrange’s equation. This could be the basis for the future research in the field of band saw’s tightening system dynamics analysis.