Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles offer significant potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and the modulation of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. These biopolymers, when derived from natural sources, possess inherent immunomodulatory properties, which can be leveraged to regulate immune activity, positioning them as promising candidates for both prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, when integrated with other materials, polysaccharides form nanocomposites with enhanced structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, making them highly versatile platforms for drug delivery in the central nervous system. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, focusing on their application in the treatment of three major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Emphasis is placed on optimizing these nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery and immune modulation, underscoring their potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders. The review also examines the structural, chemical, and biological characteristics of key polysaccharides, and explores their innovative roles in combating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

Sterile-α and Toll/interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1), a key intracellular molecule that plays numerous important biological functions in the nervous system, has attracted much attention. Recent studies have shown that SARM1 plays a key role in nerve injury, degeneration, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, understanding the role of SARM1 in the central nervous system (CNS) will enhance our knowledge of the pathogenesis of CNS diseases and aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review will explore the biological functions of SARM1 in the nervous system and its potential roles in nerve injury and disease, thus providing new directions for future research and treatment.

In psychopathology, one of the most complex challenges is offered by the diagnostic comparison between patients with borderline personality disorder and those with bipolar spectrum disorder, as some of the symptoms characterizing the two disorders overlap. This detail can mislead therapists who are often called upon to diagnose these syndromes, and in some cases, there is a tendency to diagnose both as one is a personality disorder and the other is a mood disorder. This article provides the reader with a complete overview of these two disorders, highlighting some aspects that could redefine their clinical framework. This need could favor a reduction in cases of diagnostic error, also through the proposal of an innovative psychometric tool, Perrotta Border-Bipolar Profile Diagnostic Questionnaire, currently being validated.

Hydrocephalus is the most common and devastating condition affecting the fetus. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant literature through bibliometric analysis. The survey covers the articles related to congenital hydrocephalus published in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2022. In addition to repeated literature, reviews and articles are included. We visualized the annual publication number, citation frequency, country/region, institution, author, periodical, and keywords with a range of software such as VOSviewer (1.6.18), Microsoft Excel 2019 (Redmond) and online analysis platform (https://bibliometric.com/ document). The results showed that the United States made the most important contribution to the research on fetal hydrocephalus. China's contribution has grown and developed strongly in recent years. The key words were mainly divided into four categories: basic research, epidemiology, treatment, and diagnostics. The number of publications related to fetal hydrocephalus has increased significantly, and it has a good development prospect in prenatal diagnosis and treatment.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal modification in mammalian mRNA, plays a critical role in cognitive function by dynamically regulating gene expression. This narrative review examines m6A's role in cognitive processes and its potential impact on perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), which encompass a spectrum including postoperative delirium, delayed neurocognitive recovery, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The m6A regulatory machinery—comprising methyltransferases (“writers”), demethylases (“erasers”), and recognition proteins (“readers”)—modulates neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive processes by influencing mRNA stability, translation, and degradation. Evidence from animal models indicates that m6A dysregulation contributes to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuronal injury, which are pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in PNDs. Notably, anesthetic agents and surgical stress have been shown to alter hippocampal m6A levels, and manipulation of m6A-related proteins may ameliorate cognitive deficits. While these findings suggest potential mechanistic connections, direct evidence specifically linking m6A modifications to PNDs pathogenesis remains preliminary and largely based on preclinical models. Further research is needed to establish causal relationships, identify m6A-modified targets relevant to PNDs pathology, and evaluate m6A as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target. This review provides a foundation for understanding how m6A modification may influence perioperative cognitive outcomes and identifies promising avenues for future investigation.

Depending on the impact of emotions on a person's performance and emotional disorders that can be the main cause of many mental illnesses, as well as the desire of technology to design machines that are able to change their performance according to a person's emotional states, the study of electroencephalography (EEG) signals to analyze the different dimensions of human emotions has become increasingly significant. Based on machine learning models, this study was designed to identify the five emotions of relaxation, happiness, motivation, sadness and fear using EEG signal analysis. EEG data were collected from 23 male master's students at Tabriz University, aged 24-31, as they watched five videos designed to elicit different emotional responses. After preprocessing to remove noise and artifacts, we extracted statistical and frequency-domain features from the raw signal. The features were labeled and selected using statistical tests. In the final step, five different emotions were classified using decision tree, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Naive Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), ensemble, logistic regression and neural network. It has been verified that ensemble and decision tree models had the highest accuracy with 95.38% and 91.77%.

Compound porcine perebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI) was used to treat stroke. The study was initiated because of the high incidence of low-does CPCGI use in our area. However, no research has confirmed the effectiveness of CPCGI below the standard dose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a reference for the clinical selection of different dose treatments. We collected ischemic stroke patients and divided them into three groups (low-dose group: Group A = 4 mL, Group B = 6 mL, standard-dose group: Group C = 10 mL). The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, and the Barthel Index (BI) scores were performed before treatment and 14 days and 90 days post CPCGI treatment. For 90 days, the primary outcomes were calculated including the degree of disability, neurological recovery, and activities of daily living. All data were compared between pretherapy and posttreatment and among groups. NIHSS, mRS and BI scores improved on 14 and 90 days in each group. Group B and C improved than Group A on 14 and 90 days. The difference between groups B and C was not statistically significant. On 90 days, there were differences in the degree of disability, the recovery of neurological function, and the ability of daily living among groups. No drug-related adverse reactions occurred in the groups. Although 4 or 6 mL CPCGI had some neuroprotective effects, the standard dose of 10 mL CPCGI had the best effect on reducing the degree of disability and improving abilities of daily living.

The interthalamic adhesion (IA), which may not be present in all humans, is a midline structure that connects the two thalami within the brain's third ventricle. A review of the known literature regarding the IA shows few histological studies and controversy regarding the organization of neurons within this region. This study conducted an anatomical investigation of the human IA in adult South African samples. Samples were obtained from 20 human adult embalmed cadavers: 11 from brains with a visible IA and 9 from brains without this feature. All the samples were harvested using sagittal sections of the area. Three additional samples were sectioned horizontally, yielding 33 tissue blocks. Before observation, these samples were appropriately processed for light microscopy and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, as well as cresyl violet. The results showed that no specific structural arrangements of the neurons were identifiable. The appearance appeared random, except for a distinguishable range in the frequency and dispersion of specific cells upon basic observation. Microglia were the most abundant cell type, and blood vessels were also observed. This study reports a novel inspection of the general histology of the thalamus, specifically of the IA and the periventricular (PVR) region, in midsagittal sections and three horizontal sections. This study confirmed the presence of pyramidal neurons within the IA, forming a bridge between the PVR region of the thalami, thus providing evidence to suggest that the IA could serve as a potential bridge for neural connections crossing over the brain's midline.

This study aimed to detect median effective dosage (ED₅₀) of midazolam oral solution (MOS) for preschool children in preoperative sedation. Thirty children (3-6 years old, with a body mass index (BMI) of 18-28 kg/m², American Society of Anesthesiologists status (ASA) I-II) scheduled for the hidden penis correction surgery under general anesthesia were selected. The effective dosage of MOS for preschool children in preoperative sedation was measured by sequential method. The initial dose was set at 0.5 mg/kg, with a concentration gradient of 0.1 mg/kg. Sedation was deemed successful if the patients’ Ramsay sedation scores were ≥4 and Frankl treatment compliance rating scale was ≥3, without any grade III or higher adverse events during anesthesia. If these criteria were met, the dosage for the next patient was reduced by one gradient based on the last patient's dosage, otherwise, the dosage for the next patient was increased by one gradient. This process was repeated until the 7th inflection point from unsuccessful to successful sedation was reached, at which point the trial was terminated. Probit regression analysis was used to calculate the ED₅₀, 95% effective doses (ED₉₅) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of MOS. Adverse reactions such as bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision were recorded during sedation. This study revealed that the ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of MOS for preschool children preoperative sedation are 0.627 mg/kg (95% CI 0.582-0.669 mg/kg) and 0.795 mg/kg (95% CI 0.712-1.211 mg/kg), respectively, providing a reference for the administration of MOS in this population.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Although dyskinesia is the most prominent clinical manifestation of ALS, with an in-depth understanding of disease pathogenesis and clinical detection, more and more ALS patients are found to have nonmotor symptoms, such as sensory impairment. Genetic testing technology has developed rapidly in recent years. New genes have been proven to be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. However, according to the existing research evidence, no literature has reported that patients with ALS have leucine-rich repeats and sterility α mutations in motif 1 (LRSAM1) and receptor expression accessory protein 1 (REEP1). The mutation sites of REEP1 gene have not been reported, and the simultaneous mutations of two genes have not been reported. In the largest human gene mutation frequency database gnomad, the mutation sites of two genes are currently defined as new heterozygous variants with unclear clinical significance. Therefore, this article reports the clinical data of this case to further deepen the clinicians' understanding of the disease, and may provide evidence for further study of the new genotype-phenotype of LRSAM1 and REEP1.