Microbial self-healing of cracks in cement-based materials and its influencing factors

Abstract

Cement-based materials are brittle and crack easily under natural conditions. Cracks can reduce service life because the transport of harmful substances can cause corrosion damage to the structures. This review discusses the feasibility of using microbial self-healing agents for crack healing. Tubular and spherical carriers can be used to load microbial self-healing agents and protect microbes, which prolongs the self-healing time. The area self-healing ratio, permeability, mechanical strength, precipitation depth method, numerical modeling, and ultrasonic method can be employed to identify the self-healing effect of cracks. Moreover, the self-healing mechanism is systematically analyzed. The results showed that microbial self-healing agents can repair cracks in cement-based materials in underground projects and dam gates. The difficulties and future development of self-healing cracks were analyzed. A microbial self-healing agent was embedded in the cement-based material, which automatically repaired the developing cracks. With the development of intelligent building materials, self-healing cracks have become the focus of attention.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

cement-based materials / cracks / microbial self-healing agent / mechanism / intelligent building materials

References

[1] He Z M, Shen A Q, Guo Y C, Lyu Z H, Li D S, Qin X, Zhao M, Wang Z L. Cement-based materials modified with superabsorbent polymers: A review. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 225: 569–590

[2] Sun S W, Yu X, Han B G, Ou J P. In situ growth of carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofibres on cement/mineral admixture particles: A review. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 49: 835–840

[3] Li Z, Ding S Q, Yu X, Han B G, Ou J P. Multifunctional cementitious composites modified with nano titanium dioxide: A review. Composites. Part A, Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2018, 111: 115–137

[4] Jiang W Q, Shen X H, Hong S X, Wu Z Y, Liu Q F. Binding capacity and diffusivity of concrete subjected to freeze−thaw and chloride attack: A numerical study. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 186: 106093

[5] Nobili A, Lanzoni L, Tarantino A M. Experimental investigation and monitoring of a polypropylene-based fiber reinforced concrete road pavement. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 47: 888–895

[6] Wang S, Gong R H, Li Z J, Yuan C P, Jiang G, Wang J F, Chen L Y, Ye C G. Water-blocking nano-composite cement-based grouting materials. Applied Nanoscience, 2019, 9(7): 1565–1578

[7] Freyne S, Ramseyer C, Giebler J. High-performance concrete designed to enhance durability of bridge decks: Oklahoma experience. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2012, 24(7): 933–936

[8] Wang Y C, Wei L Z, Yu J T, Yu K Q. Mechanical properties of high ductile magnesium oxychloride cement-based composites after water soaking. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019, 97: 248–258

[9] Tian L, Chen J R, Zhao T J, Ding Z. Influence of aggregate gradation on mechanics performance of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC). Advanced Materials Research, 2009, 79: 207–210

[10] Shi C, Zou X W, Yang L, Wang P, Niu M D. Influence of humidity on the mechanical properties of polymer-modified cement-based repair materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 261: 119928

[11] Nair N A, Sairam V. Research initiatives on the influence of wollastonite in cement-based construction material—A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 283: 124665

[12] HernandezSVillarealASolis-NajeraS EMarrufoORodriguezA OCastellanos-LeonFCano-BarritaP F JMedinaL. Study of micro-cracks in cement-based materials with NMR relaxometry and ultrasound. In: International Ultrasonics Symposium. Dresden: IEEE, 2012, 2702–2705

[13] Šavija B, Luković M. Carbonation of cement paste: Understanding, challenges, and opportunities. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 117: 285–301

[14] Yi C F, Chen Z, Bindiganavile V. Crack growth prediction of cement-based systems subjected to two-dimensional sulphate attack. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 222: 814–828

[15] Bilcik J, Holly I. Effect of reinforcement corrosion on bond behavior. Procedia Engineering, 2013, 65: 248–253

[16] Jin Z Q, Zhao X, Zhao T J, Yang L. Interaction between compressive load and corrosive-ion attack on reinforced concrete with accelerated potentiostatic corrosion. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 113: 805–814

[17] Jin Z Q, Hou D S, Zhao T J. Electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) based on the high-performance conductive cement-based composite anode. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 173: 149–159

[18] Cheewaket T, Jaturapitakkul C, Chalee W. Initial corrosion presented by chloride threshold penetration of concrete up to 10 year-results under marine site. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 37: 693–698

[19] Jin Z Q, Zhao X, Zhao T J, Yang L. Corrosion and 3D crack-propagation behaviors in reinforced concrete subjected to bending load in simulated marine environment. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2016, 11(10): 8779–8796

[20] Papadakis V, Fardis M, Vayenas C. Effect of composition, environmental factors and cement-lime mortar coating on concrete carbonation. Materials and Structures, 1992, 25(5): 293–304

[21] AhmadS. Reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, its monitoring and service life prediction—A review. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2003, 25(4−5): 459−471

[22] Elsener B. Macrocell corrosion of steel in concrete-implications for corrosion monitoring. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2002, 24(1): 65–72

[23] Šavija B, Luković M, Pacheco J, Schlangen E. Cracking of the concrete cover due to reinforcement corrosion: A two-dimensional lattice model study. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 44: 626–638

[24] Gonzalez J A, Algaba J, Andrade C. Corrosion of reinforcing bars in carbonated concrete. British Corrosion Journal, 1980, 15(3): 135–139

[25] Angst U, Elsener B, Jamali A, Adey B. Concrete cover cracking owing to reinforcement corrosion—Theoretical considerations and practical experience. Materials and Corrosion, 2012, 63(12): 1069–1077

[26] Chinchón J S, Ayora C, Aguado A, Guirado F. Influence of weathering of iron sulfides contained in aggregates on concrete durability. Cement and Concrete Research, 1995, 25(6): 1264–1272

[27] NevilleA M. Properties of Concrete. London: Longman, 1995

[28] Ayora C, Chinchón S, Aguado A, Guirado F. Weathering of iron sulfides and concrete alteration: Thermodynamic model and observation in dams from Central Pyrenees, Spain. Cement and Concrete Research, 1998, 28(9): 1223–1235

[29] Neville A. The confused world of sulfate attack on concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34(8): 1275–1296

[30] Oliveira I, Cavalaro S H, Aguado A. New unreacted-core model to predict pyrrhotite oxidation in concrete dams. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2013, 25(3): 372–381

[31] Chinchón-Payá S, Aguado A, Chinchón S. A comparative investigation of the degradation of pyrite and pyrrhotite under simulated laboratory conditions. Engineering Geology, 2012, 127: 75–80

[32] MarchandJOdlerISkalnyJ P. Sulfate Attack on Concrete. 1st ed. London: CRC Press, 2003

[33] Maes M, de Belie N. Resistance of concrete and mortar against combined attack of chloride and sodium sulphate. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2014, 53: 59–72

[34] Chen Z, Wu L Y, Bindiganavile V, Yi C F. Coupled models to describe the combined diffusion-reaction behaviour of chloride and sulphate ions in cement-based systems. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 243: 118232

[35] Jongvivatsakul P, Janprasit K, Nuaklong P, Pungrasmi W, Likitlersuang S. Investigation of the crack healing performance in mortar using microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) method. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 212: 737–744

[36] Tonelli M, Gelli R, Giorgi R, Pierigè M I, Ridi F, Baglioni P. Cementitious materials containing nano-carriers and silica for the restoration of damaged concrete-based monuments. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2021, 49: 59–69

[37] Zhang H, Qi C J, Chen W, Li Q, Wu L L, Chen W Y. A novel method of self-healing cement paste by using gel microparticles encapsulating phosphate. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 279: 122439

[38] Shamsuddoha M, Hüsken G, Schmidt W, Kühne H C, Baeßler M. Ternary mix design of grout material for structural repair using statistical tools. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 189: 170–180

[39] Qian S Z, Zhou J, Schlangen E. Influence of curing condition and precracking time on the self-healing behavior of engineered cementitious composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2010, 32(9): 686–693

[40] Wu M, Johannesson B, Geiker M. A review: Self-healing in cementitious materials and engineered cementitious composite as a self-healing material. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 28(1): 571–583

[41] LuZChenH S. Autonomous healing of cracks in cementitious materials—A short review. Journal of The Chinese Ceramic Society, 2014, 42(2): 156−168 (in Chinese)

[42] de Belie N, Gruyaert E, Al-Tabbaa A, Antonaci P, Baera C, Bajare D, Darquennes A, Davies R, Ferrara L, Jefferson T, Litina C, Miljevic B, Otlewska A, Ranogajec J, Roig-Flores M, Paine K, Lukowski P, Serna P, Tulliani J M, Vucetic S, Wang J, Jonkers H M. A review of self-healing concrete for damage management of structures. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2018, 5(17): 1800074

[43] Chen H C, Qian C X, Huang H L. Self-healing cementitious materials based on bacteria and nutrients immobilized respectively. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 126: 297–303

[44] Mihashi H, Kaneko Y, Nishiwaki T, Otsuka K. Fundamental study on development of intelligent concrete characterized by self-healing capability for strength. Transactions of the Japan Concrete Institute, 2000, 22: 441–450

[45] HuangH LYeGLeungCWanK. Application of sodium silicate solution as self-healing agent in cementitious materials. In: International RILEM Conference on Advances in Construction Materials Through Science and Engineering. Hong Kong, China: RILEM Publications SARL, 2011, 530–536

[46] Mostavi E, Asadi S, Hassan M M, Alansari M. Evaluation of self-healing mechanisms in concrete with double-walled sodium silicate microcapsules. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2015, 27(12): 04015035

[47] Liu H, Huang H L, Wu X T, Peng H X, Li Z H, Hu J, Yu Q J. Effects of external multi-ions and wet−dry cycles in a marine environment on autogenous self-healing of cracks in cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 120: 198–206

[48] Zha Y G, Yu J Y, Wang R Y, He P, Cao Z L. Effect of ion chelating agent on self-healing performance of cement-based materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 190: 308–316

[49] Suleiman A R, Nelson A J, Nehdi M L. Visualization and quantification of crack self-healing in cement-based materials incorporating different minerals. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019, 103: 49–58

[50] Zhang W, Zheng Q F, Ashour A, Han B G. Self-healing cement concrete composites for resilient infrastructures: A review. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2020, 189: 107892

[51] Li Q, Liu Z L, Chen W Y, Yuan B, Liu X, Chen W. A novel bio-inspired bone-mimic self-healing cement paste based on hydroxyapatite formation. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2019, 104: 103357

[52] Thao T D P, Johnson T J S, Tong Q S, Dai P S. Implementation of self-healing in concrete-proof of concept. IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering, 2009, 2(2): 116–125

[53] Nishiwaki T, Mihashi H, Jang B K, Miura K. Development of self-healing system for concrete with selective heating around crack. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2006, 4(2): 267–275

[54] Huseien G F, Sam A R M, Faridmehr I, Baghban M H. Performance of epoxy resin polymer as self-healing cementitious materials agent in mortar. Materials, 2021, 14(5): 1255

[55] van Tittelboom K, de Belie N, van Loo D, Jacobs P. Self-healing efficiency of cementitious materials containing tubular capsules filled with healing agent. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011, 33(4): 497–505

[56] Araújo M, Chatrabhuti S, Gurdebeke S, Alderete N, van Tittelboom K, Raquez J M, Cnudde V, van Vlierberghe S, de Belie N, Gruyaert E. Poly(methyl methacrylate) capsules as an alternative to the “proof-of-concept” glass capsules used in self-healing concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2018, 89: 260–271

[57] van Tittelboom K, Adesanya K, Dubruel P, van Puyvelde P, de Belie N. Methyl methacrylate as a healing agent for self-healing cementitious materials. Smart Materials and Structures, 2011, 20(12): 125016

[58] Yang Z X, Hollar J, He X D, Shi X M. A self-healing cementitious composite using oil core/silica gel shell microcapsules. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011, 33(4): 506–512

[59] Tyagi S. An experimental investigation of self-curing concrete incorporated with polyethylene glycol as self-curing agent. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology, 2015, 2(6): 129–132

[60] Başaran Bundur Z, Bae S, Kirisits M J, Ferron R D. Biomineralization in self-healing cement-based materials: Investigating the temporal evolution of microbial metabolic state and material porosity. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2017, 29(8): 04017079

[61] Ferrara L. Self-healing cement-based materials: An asset for sustainable construction industry. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing, 2018, 442(1): 012007

[62] Qian C, Chen H, Ren L, Luo M. Self-healing of early age cracks in cement-based materials by mineralization of carbonic anhydrase microorganism. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015, 6: 1225

[63] Lu S, Chen M, Dang Y, Cao L, He J, Zhong J. Bacterial self-healing cement-based materials: Mechanism at nanoscale. AIP Advances, 2019, 9(10): 105312

[64] Zheng T, Su Y, Qian C, Zhou H. Low alkali sulpho-aluminate cement encapsulated microbial spores for self-healing cement-based materials. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 163: 107756

[65] Zhang J, Liu Y, Feng T, Zhou M, Zhao L, Zhou A, Li Z. Immobilizing bacteria in expanded perlite for the crack self-healing in concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 148: 610–617

[66] Erşan Y Ç, Verbruggen H, De Graeve I, Verstraete W, de Belie N, Boon N. Nitrate reducing CaCO₃ precipitating bacteria survive in mortar and inhibit steel corrosion. Cement and Concrete Research, 2016, 83: 19–30

[67] de Belie N. Microorganisms versus stony materials: A love-hate relationship. Materials and Structures, 2010, 43(9): 1191–1202

[68] Qian C, Rui Y, Wang C, Wang X, Xue B, Yi H. Bio-mineralization induced by Bacillus mucilaginosus in crack mouth and pore solution of cement-based materials. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2021, 126: 112120

[69] Jiang L, Jia G, Wang Y, Li Z. Optimization of sporulation and germination conditions of functional bacteria for concrete crack-healing and evaluation of their repair capacity. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(9): 10938–10948

[70] Chen B, Sun W, Sun X, Cui C, Lai J, Wang Y, Feng J. Crack sealing evaluation of self-healing mortar with Sporosarcina pasteurii: Influence of bacterial concentration and air-entraining agent. Process Biochemistry, 2021, 107: 100–111

[71] Soysal A, Milla J, King G M, Hassan M, Rupnow T. Evaluating the self-healing efficiency of hydrogel-encapsulated bacteria in concrete. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2020, 2674(6): 113–123

[72] Pungrasmi W, Intarasoontron J, Jongvivatsakul P, Likitlersuang S. Evaluation of microencapsulation techniques for MICP bacterial spores applied in self-healing concrete. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1): 12484

[73] Xu J, Wang X, Wang B. Biochemical process of ureolysis-based microbial CaCO₃ precipitation and its application in self-healing concrete. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2018, 102(7): 3121–3132

[74] Yu X, Rong H. Seawater based MICP cements two/one-phase cemented sand blocks. Applied Ocean Research, 2022, 118: 102972

[75] Yu X N, Xu Y D. OAs and CAB capture CO₂ and conversion to carbonates and its potential applications in civil engineering. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 66: 105904

[76] Wang J, Jonkers H M, Boon N, de Belie N. Bacillus sphaericus LMG 22257 is physiologically suitable for self-healing concrete. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017, 101(12): 5101–5114

[77] Papaioannou S, Amenta M, Kilikoglou V, Gournis D, Karatasios I. Critical aspects in the development and integration of encapsulated healing agents in cement and concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2021, 19(4): 301–320

[78] Wang J, van Tittelboom K, de Belie N, Verstraete W. Use of silica gel or polyurethane immobilized bacteria for self-healing concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 26(1): 532–540

[79] Wu M, Hu X, Zhang Q, Cheng W, Xue D, Zhao Y. Application of bacterial spores coated by a green inorganic cementitious material for the self-healing of concrete cracks. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 113: 103718

[80] Zheng T, Su Y, Zhang X, Zhou H, Qian C. Effect and mechanism of encapsulation-based spores on self-healing concrete at different curing ages. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(47): 52415–52432

[81] Rong H, Wei G, Ma G, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhang L, Xu R. Influence of bacterial concentration on crack self-healing of cement-based materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 244: 118372

[82] Xu Y, Yu C, Yu X. Microbial mineralization and carbonation consolidation of dredger fill and its mechanical properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2021, 33(7): 04021144

[83] AiG G. Self-healing method for micro-cracks of cement-based materials by microbial pre-coating. Thesis for the Master’s Degree. Nanjing: Southeast University, China, 2017 (in Chinese)

[84] Su Y, Zheng T, Qian C. Application potential of Bacillus megaterium encapsulated by low alkaline sulphoaluminate cement in self-healing concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 273: 121740

[85] Zheng T, Qian C. Self-healing of later-age cracks in cement-based materials by encapsulation-based bacteria. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2020, 32(11): 04020341

[86] Ruan S, Qiu J, Weng Y, Yang Y, Yang E H, Chu J, Unluer C. The use of microbial induced carbonate precipitation in healing cracks within reactive magnesia cement-based blends. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 115: 176–188

[87] Šeputytė-Jucikė J, Kligys M, Sinica M. The effects of modifying additives and chemical admixtures on the properties of porous fresh and hardened cement paste. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 127: 679–691

[88] Rajasekar A, Wilkinson S, Moy C K S. MICP as a potential sustainable technique to treat or entrap contaminants in the natural environment: A review. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 2021, 6: 100096

[89] Tang C S, Yin L Y, Jiang N J, Zhu C, Zeng H, Li H, Shi B. Factors affecting the performance of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) treated soil: A review. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2020, 79(5): 94

[90] Zheng T, Qian C. Influencing factors and formation mechanism of CaCO₃ precipitation induced by microbial carbonic anhydrase. Process Biochemistry, 2020, 91: 271–281

[91] Qian C, Zheng T, Zhang X, Su Y. Application of microbial self-healing concrete: Case study. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 290: 123226

[92] Zhang X, Qian C. Engineering application of microbial self-healing concrete in lock channel wall. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 2022, 40(1): 96–103

[93] Luo M, Qian C, Li R. Factors affecting crack repairing capacity of bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2015, 87: 1–7

[94] Yang D, Xu G, Duan Y, Dong S. Self-healing cement composites based on bleaching earth immobilized bacteria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 358: 132045

[95] Zhang X, Jin Z, Li M, Qian C. Effects of carrier on the performance of bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 305: 124771

[96] Jonkers H M, Thijssen A, Muyzer G, Copuroglu O, Schlangen E. Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete. Ecological Engineering, 2010, 36(2): 230–235

[97] Feng C, Zong X, Cui B, Guo H, Zhang W, Zhu J. Application of carrier materials in self-healing cement-based materials based on microbial-induced mineralization. Crystals, 2022, 12(6): 797

[98] Garg R, Garg R, Eddy N O. Microbial induced calcite precipitation for self-healing of concrete: A review. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2023, 12(3): 317–330

[99] YuXZhangQ. Microbially/CO₂-derived CaCO₃ cement and its microstructural and mechanical performance. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2023: 1−13

[100] Qian C X, Zheng T W, Rui Y F. Living concrete with self-healing function on cracks attributed to inclusion of microorganisms: Theory, technology and engineering applications—A review. Science China. Technological Sciences, 2021, 64(10): 2067–2083

[101] Park M, Park S, Yoo J Y, Kim Y, Lee K M, Hwang D Y, Son H J. Enzyme-mediated biocalcification by a novel alkaliphilic Bacillus psychrodurans LC40 and its eco-friendly application as a biosealant for crack healing. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 802: 149841

[102] Yi H, Zheng T, Jia Z, Su T, Wang C. Study on the influencing factors and mechanism of calcium carbonate precipitation induced by urease bacteria. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2021, 564: 126113

[103] YuXPanX. Seawater based bio-cementation for calcareous sand and its potential for using bio-cementation in marine environments. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 2022: 1−10

[104] LvCTangC SZhangJ ZPanX HLiuH. Effects of calcium sources and magnesium ions on the mechanical behavior of MICP-treated calcareous sand: Experimental evidence and precipitated crystal insights. Acta Geotechnica, 2022: 1−15

[105] Gleaton J, Lai Z, Xiao R, Chen Q, Zheng Y. Microalga-induced biocementation of martian regolith simulant: Effects of biogrouting methods and calcium sources. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 229: 116885

[106] Zhang Y, Guo H X, Cheng X H. Influences of calcium sources on microbially induced carbonate precipitation in porous media. Materials Research Innovations, 2014, 18(Suppl2): 79–84

[107] Yu X, Yang H, Wang H. A cleaner biocementation method of soil via microbially induced struvite precipitation: A experimental and numerical analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 2022, 316: 115280

[108] Zhan Q, Yu X, Pan Z, Qian C. Microbial-induced synthesis of calcite based on carbon dioxide capture and its cementing mechanism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 278: 123398

[109] Zheng T, Qian C, Su Y. Influences of different calcium sources on the early age cracks of self-healing cementitious mortar. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 166: 107849

[110] Choi S G, Wang K, Wen Z, Chu J. Mortar crack repair using microbial induced calcite precipitation method. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2017, 83: 209–221

[111] Joseph C, Jefferson A D, Isaacs B, Lark R, Gardner D. Experimental investigation of adhesive-based self-healing of cementitious materials. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2010, 62(11): 831–843

[112] Chen Y, Qian C, Hao Z, Zhou H. Effect of bio-mineralization on concrete performance: Carbonation, microhardness, gas permeability and Cl^– migration. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 171: 108024

[113] Algaifi H A, Bakar S A, Sam A R M, Abidin A R Z, Shahir S, AL-Towayti W A H. Numerical modeling for crack self-healing concrete by microbial calcium carbonate. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 189: 816–824

[114] Zhuang X, Zhou S. The prediction of self-healing capacity of bacteria-based concrete using machine learning approaches. Computers, Materials & Continua, 2019, 59(1): 57–77

[115] Zhang X, Qian C. Effects of the crack geometric features on the probability density of spherical healing agent particles in concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 301: 124083

[116] Zemskov S V, Jonkers H M, Vermolen F J. A mathematical model for bacterial self-healing of cracks in concrete. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2014, 25(1): 4–12

[117] Wiktor V, Jonkers H M. Quantification of crack-healing in novel bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011, 33(7): 763–770

[118] Yu X, Zhang Z. Calcium carbide sludge activated fly ash mixture for offshore construction and its crack repair using seawater-mixed bioslurry cement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 395: 136456

[119] Gu S, Wang R, He P, Du W, Yu J. Synergistic effect of ion chelating agent and inorganic compound on pore structure, mechanical and self-healing performance of cement-based materials. Smart Materials and Structures, 2021, 30(1): 015011

[120] Ramachandran S K, Ramakrishnan V, Bang S S. Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms. ACI Materials Journal, 2001, 98(1): 3–9

[121] van Tittelboom K, de Belie N, De Muynck W, Verstraete W. Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(1): 157–166

[122] Wang J Y, de Belie N, Verstraete W. Diatomaceous earth as a protective vehicle for bacteria applied for self-healing concrete. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2012, 39(4): 567–577

[123] Luo M, Bai J, Jing K, Ding Z, Yang D, Qian C. Self-healing of early-age cracks in cement mortars with artificial functional aggregates. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 272: 121846

[124] Luo M, Jing K, Bai J, Ding Z, Yang D, Huang H, Gong Y. Effects of curing conditions and supplementary cementitious materials on autogenous self-healing of early age cracks in cement mortar. Crystals, 2021, 11(7): 752

[125] Luo M, Qian C X. Performance of two bacteria-based additives used for self-healing concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2016, 28(12): 04016151

[126] Luo M, Qian C. Influences of bacteria-based self-healing agents on cementitious materials hydration kinetics and compressive strength. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 121: 659–663

[127] Luo M, Qian C, Li R, Rong H. Efficiency of concrete crack-healing based on biological carbonate precipitation. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology—Materials Science Edition, 2015, 30(6): 1255–1259

[128] Qian C, Li R, Luo M, Chen H. Distribution of calcium carbonate in the process of concrete self-healing. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology—Materials Science Edition, 2016, 31(3): 557–562

[129] Shaheen N, Khushnood R A, Memon S A, Adnan F. Feasibility assessment of newly isolated calcifying bacterial strains in self-healing concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2023, 362: 129662

[130] Feng J, Chua S X, Yang F, Qian S. Crack repairing of high strength engineered cementitious composites using bacteria-free waste medium. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021, 123: 104203

[131] Bagga M, Hamley-Bennett C, Alex A, Freeman B L, Justo-Reinoso I, Mihai I C, Gebhard S, Paine K, Jefferson A D, Masoero E, Ofiţeru I D. Advancements in bacteria based self-healing concrete and the promise of modelling. Construction & Building Materials, 2022, 358: 129412

[132] Indhumathi S, Dinesh A, Pichumani M. Diverse perspectives on self-healing ability of Engineered Cement Composite—All-inclusive insight. Construction & Building Materials, 2022, 323: 126473

[133] Li W, Jiang Z, Yang Z, Zhao N, Yuan W. Self-healing efficiency of cementitious materials containing microcapsules filled with healing adhesive: Mechanical restoration and healing process monitored by water absorption. PLoS One, 2013, 8(11): e81616

[134] Dong B, Fang G, Ding W, Liu Y, Zhang J, Han N, Xing F. Self-healing features in cementitious material with urea–formaldehyde/epoxy microcapsules. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 106: 608–617

[135] Raza A, El Ouni M H, Khan Q Z, Azab M, Khan D, Elhadi K M, Alashker Y. Sustainability assessment, structural performance and challenges of self-healing bio-mineralized concrete: A systematic review for built environment applications. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 66: 105839

[136] Williams S L, Sakib N, Kirisits M J, Ferron R D. Flexural strength recovery induced by vegetative bacteria added to mortar. ACI Materials Journal, 2016, 113(4): 523–531

[137] Nain N, Surabhi R, Yathish N V, Krishnamurthy V, Deepa T, Tharannum S. Enhancement in strength parameters of concrete by application of Bacillus bacteria. Construction & Building Materials, 2019, 202: 904–908

[138] Joshi S, Goyal S, Mukherjee A, Reddy M S. Microbial healing of cracks in concrete: A review. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2017, 44(11): 1511–1525

[139] Lors C, Ducasse-Lapeyrusse J, Gagné R, Damidot D. Microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation to repair microcracks remaining after autogenous healing of mortars. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 141: 461–469

[140] Yu X, Jiang J, Liu J, Li W. Review on potential uses, cementing process, mechanism and syntheses of phosphate cementitious materials by the microbial mineralization method. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 273: 121113

[141] Qian C, Yu X, Zheng T, Chen Y. Review on bacteria fixing CO₂ and bio-mineralization to enhance the performance of construction materials. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2022, 55: 101849

[142] Zhang D, Shahin M A, Yang Y, Liu H, Cheng L. Effect of microbially induced calcite precipitation treatment on the bonding properties of steel fiber in ultra-high performance concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022, 50: 104132

[143] YuXPanX. One-phase stabilization of sandy soil using seawater-based soybean induced carbonate precipitation. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2023, 12(8): 962−971

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press