Sensitivity analysis of the deterioration of concrete strength in marine environment to multiple corrosive ions

Abstract

The corrosion degradation behavior of concrete materials plays a crucial role in the change of its mechanical properties under multi-ion interaction in the marine environment. In this study, the variation in the macro-physical and mechanical properties of concrete with corrosion time is investigated, and the source of micro-corrosion products under different salt solutions in seawater are analyzed. Regardless of the continuous hydration effect of concrete, the damage effects of various corrosive ions (Cl^–, {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_4^{2-}, and Mg²⁺, etc.) on the tensile and compressive strength of concrete are discussed based on measurement in different salt solutions. The sensitivity analysis method for concrete strength is used to quantitatively analyze the sensitivity of concrete strength to the effects of each ion in a multi-salt solution without considering the influence of continued hydration. The quantitative results indicate that the addition of Cl^– can weaken the corrosion effect of {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}_4^{2-} by about 20%, while the addition of Mg²⁺ or Mg²⁺ and Cl^– can strengthen it by 10%–20% during a 600-d corrosion process.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

sensitivity analysis / concrete strength / corrosion deterioration / multi-ion interaction / marine environment

References

[1] Poupard O, L’Hostis V, Catinaud S, Petre-Lazar I. Corrosion damage diagnosis of a reinforced concrete beam after 40 years natural exposure in marine environment. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36( 3): 504– 520

[2] Da B, Yu H F, Ma H Y, Tan Y S, Mi R J, Dou X M. Chloride diffusion study of coral concrete in a marine environment. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 123 : 47– 58

[3] Cang S, Yang Y Z, Chen J K. Damage layer evolution of a breakwater under seawater attack: testing and modeling. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 2020, 33( 1): 1– 13

[4] Lei L, Wang Q, Xu S, Wang N, Zheng X. Fabrication of superhydrophobic concrete used in marine environment with anti-corrosion and stable mechanical properties. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 251 : 118946–

[5] Wu Z Y, Yu H F, Ma H Y, Zhang J H, Da B, Zhu H W. Rebar corrosion in coral aggregate concrete: Determination of chloride threshold by LPR. Corrosion Science, 2020, 163 : 108238–

[6] Wang X Y. Impacts of climate change on optimal mixture design of blended concrete considering carbonation and chloride ingress. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2020, 14( 2): 473– 486

[7] Qiao C, Suraneni P, Weiss J. Damage in cement pastes exposed to NaCl solutions. Construction & Building Materials, 2018, 171 : 120– 127

[8] Xu H, Chen J K. Coupling effect of corrosion damage on chloride ions diffusion in cement based materials. Construction & Building Materials, 2020, 243 : 118225–

[9] Jiang L, Niu D T. Study of deterioration of concrete exposed to different types of sulfate solutions under drying−wetting cycles. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 117 : 88– 98

[10] Zhang M H, Chen J K, Lv Y F, Wang D J, Ye J. Study on the expansion of concrete under attack of sulfate and sulfate–chloride ions. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 39 : 26– 32

[11] Sotiriadis K, Nikolopoulou E, Tsivilis S, Pavlou A, Chaniotakis E, Swamy R N. The effect of chlorides on the thaumasite form of sulfate attack of limestone cement concrete containing mineral admixtures at low temperature. Construction & Building Materials, 2013, 43 : 156– 164

[12] Chen Y, Gao J, Tang L, Li X. Resistance of concrete against combined attack of chloride and sulfate under drying–wetting cycles. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 106 : 650– 658

[13] Yin R R, Zhang C C, Wu Q, Li B C, Xie H. Damage on lining concrete in highway tunnels under combined sulfate and chloride attack. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2018, 12( 3): 331– 340

[14] Maes M, de Belie N. Resistance of concrete and mortar against combined attack of chloride and sodium sulphate. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2014, 53 : 59– 72

[15] Zuo X B, Sun W, Yu C. Numerical investigation on expansive volume strain in concrete subjected to sulfate attack. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 36 : 404– 410

[16] Mao L X, Hu Z, Xia J, Feng G L, Azim I, Yang J, Liu Q F. Multi-phase modelling of electrochemical rehabilitation for ASR and chloride affected concrete composites. Composite Structures, 2019, 207 : 176– 189

[17] Jiang W Q, Shen X H, Hong S X, Wu Z Y, Liu Q F. Binding capacity and diffusivity of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw and chloride attack: a numerical study. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 186 : 106093–

[18] Li L J, Liu Q F, Tang L P, Hu Z, Wen Y, Zhang P. Chloride penetration in freeze-thaw induced cracking concrete: A numerical study. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 302 : 124291–

[19] Liu Q F, Iqbal M F, Yang J, Lu X Y, Zhang P, Rauf M. Prediction of chloride diffusivity in concrete using artificial neural network: Modelling and performance evaluation. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 268 : 121082–

[20] Ikumi T, Segura I. Numerical assessment of external sulfate attack in concrete structures: A review. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 121 : 91– 105

[21] Zhang C L, Chen W K, Mu S, Šavija B, Liu Q F. Numerical investigation of external sulfate attack and its effect on chloride binding and diffusion in concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2021, 285 : 122806–

[22] Shen X H, Liu Q F, Hu Z, Jiang W Q, Lin X S, Hou D H, Hao P. Combine ingress of chloride and carbonation in marine-exposed concrete under unsaturated environment: a numerical study. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 189 : 106350–

[23] de Weerdt K, Orsáková D, Geiker M R. The impact of sulphate and magnesium on chloride binding in Portland cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 2014, 65 : 30– 40

[24] Xie N, Dang Y, Shi X. New insights into how MgCl₂ deteriorates Portland cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 120 : 244– 255

[25] Damrongwiriyanupap N, Li L Y, Xi Y P. Coupled diffusion of chloride and other ions in saturated concrete. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2011, 5( 3): 267– 277

[26] Hekal E E, Kishar E, Mostafa H. Magnesium sulfate attack on hardened blended cement pastes under different circumstances. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002, 32( 9): 1421– 1427

[27] de Weerdt K, Justnes H. The effect of sea water on the phase assemblage of hydrated cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2015, 55 : 215– 222

[28] Maes M, Mittermayr F, de Belie N. The influence of sodium and magnesium sulphate on the penetration of chlorides in mortar. Materials and Structures, 2017, 50( 2): 1– 14

[29] Al-Amoudi O S B, Maslehuddin M, Abdul-Al Y A B. Role of chloride ions on expansion and strength reduction in plain and blended cements in sulfate environments. Construction & Building Materials, 1995, 9( 1): 25– 33

[30] Chiker T, Aggoun S, Houari H, Siddique R. Sodium sulfate and alternative combined sulfate/chloride action on ordinary and self-consolidating PLC-based concretes. Construction & Building Materials, 2016, 106 : 342– 348

[31] Chen F, Gao J, Qi B, Shen D, Li L. Degradation progress of concrete subject to combined sulfate-chloride attack under drying−wetting cycles and flexural loading. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 151 : 164– 171

[32] Yu H F, Tan Y S, Yang L M. Microstructural evolution of concrete under the attack of chemical, salt crystallization, and bending stress. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2017, 29( 7): 04017041–

[33] Maes M, de Belie N. Influence of chlorides on magnesium sulphate attack for mortars with Portland cement and slag based binders. Construction & Building Materials, 2017, 155 : 630– 642

[34] Geng J, Easterbrook D, Li L Y, Mo L W. The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste with sulfate attack. Cement and Concrete Research, 2015, 68 : 211– 222

[35] Sotiriadis K, Nikolopoulou E, Tsivilis S. Sulfate resistance of limestone cement concrete exposed to combined chloride and sulfate environment at low temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2012, 34( 8): 903– 910

[36] Brown P W, Badger S. The distributions of bound sulfates and chlorides in concrete subjected to mixed NaCl, MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄ attack. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30( 10): 1535– 1542

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press