Proposal of a probabilistic assessment of structural collapse concomitantly subject to earthquake and gas explosion

Abstract

In recent decades, many public buildings, located in seismic-prone residential areas, had to grapple with abnormal loads against which the structures were unguarded. In this piece of research, an ordinary three dimensional reinforced concrete building is selected as case study. The building is located in an earthquake-prone region; however, it is designed according to seismic building codes. Yet, it is not shielded against abnormal loads, such as blasts. It is assumed that the building suffers a blast load, due to mechanical/thermal installation failure during or after intense seismic oscillations. These two critical incidents are regarded codependent and compatible. So the researchers developed scenarios and tried to assess different probabilities for each scenario and carried out an analysis to ensure if progressive collapse had set in or not. In the first step, two analysis models were used for each scenario; a non-linear dynamic time history analysis and a blast local dynamic analysis. In the second step, having the structural destructions of the first step in view, a pushdown analysis was carried out to determine the severity of progressive collapse and assess building robustness. Finally, the annual probability of structural collapse under simultaneous earthquake and blast loads was estimated and offered.

Keywords

gas blast / pushdown analysis / progressive collapse / annual probability of structural collapse / 3D model of structure

References

[1] Rong H C, Li B. Probabilistic response evaluation for RC flexural members subjected to blast loadings. Structural Safety, 2007, 29(2): 146–163

[2] Stewart M G, Netherton M D. Security risks and probabilistic risk assessment of glazing subject to explosive blast loading. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2008, 93(4): 627–638

[3] Cizelj L, Leskovar M, Čepin M, Mavko B. A method for rapid vulnerability assessment of structures loaded by outside blasts. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2009, 239(9): 1641–1646

[4] Shi Y, Li Z X, Hao H. A new method for progressive collapse analysis of RC frames under blast loading. Engineering Structures, 2010, 32(6): 1691–1703

[5] Cullis I G, Schofield J, Whitby A. Assessment of blast loading effects—Types of explosion and loading effects. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2010, 87(9): 493–503

[6] Fu F. Dynamic response and robustness of tall buildings under blast loading. Constructional Steel Research, 2013, 80: 299–307

[7] Parisi F, Augenti N. Influence of seismic design criteria on blast resistance of RC framed buildings: A case study. Engineering Structures, 2012, 44: 78–93

[8] Asprone D, Jalayer F, Prota A, Manfredi G. Proposal of a probabilistic model for multi-hazard risk assessment of structures in seismic zones subjected to blast for the limit state of collapse. Structural Safety, 2010, 32(1): 25–34

[9] Ellingwood B R. Mitigating risk from abnormal loads and progressive collapse. Perform Construct Facil, 2006, 20(4): 315–323

[10] Talebi H, Silani M, Rabczuk T. Concurrent multiscale modelling of three dimensional crack and dislocation propagation. Advances in Engineering Software, 2015, 80: 82–92

[11] Talebi H, Silani M, Bordas S, Kerfriden P, Rabczuk T. A computational library for multiscale modelling of material failure. Computational Mechanics, 2014, 53(5): 1047–1071

[12] Talebi H, Silani M, Bordas S P A, Kerfriden P, Rabczuk T. Molecular dynamics/XFEM coupling by a three-dimensional extended bridging domain with applications to dynamic brittle fracture. International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering, 2013, 11(6): 527–541

[13] Ghorashi S, Valizadeh N, Mohammadi S, Rabczuk T. T-spline based XIGA for fracture analysis of orthotropic media. Computers & Structures, 2015, 147: 138–146

[14] Areias P M A, Rabczuk T, Camanho P P. Finite strain fracture of 2D problems with injected anisotropic softening elements. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2014, 72: 50–63

[15] Dobashi R, Kawamura S, Kuwana K, Nakayama Y. Consequence analysis of blast wave from accidental gas explosions. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2011, 33(2): 2295–2301

[16] Rabczuk T, Areias P M A, Belytschko T. A meshfree thin shell method for nonlinear dynamic fracture. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2007, 72(5): 524–548

[17] Lea C J, Ledin H S. A Review of the State-of-the-Art in Gas Explosion Modelling. Harpur Hill, Buxton: Health and Safety Laboratory, Fire and Explosion Group, 2002

[18] Areias P, Rabczuk T, Dias-da-Costa D. Element-wise fracture algorithm based on rotation of edges. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2013, 110: 113–137

[19] Middha P, Hansen O R, Storvik I E. Validation of CFD-model for hydrogen dispersion. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2009, 22(6): 1034–1038

[20] Bradley D, Mitcheson A. Mathematical solutions for explosions in spherical vessels. Combustion and Flame, 1976, 26: 201–217

[21] Dobashi R. Experimental study on gas explosion behavior in enclosure. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 1997, 10(2): 83–89

[22] Zalosh R G. Explosion Protection, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Chapter 3‒16, 1995

[23] Zhuang X, Zhu H, Augarde C. An improved meshless Shepard and least square method possessing the delta property and requiring no singular weight function. Computational Mechanics, 2014, 53(2): 343–357

[24] Amiri F, Milan D, Shen Y, Rabczuk T, Arroyo M. Phase-field modeling of fracture in linear thin shells, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2014, 69, 102–109

[25] Alashker Y, Li H, El-Tawil S. Approximations in progressive collapse modeling. Structure Engineering, 2011, 137(9): 914–924

[26] Areias P, Rabczuk T. Finite strain fracture of plates and shells with configurational forces and edge rotation. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2013, 94(12): 1099–1122

[27] Amiri F, Anitescu C, Arroyo M, Bordas S, Rabczuk T. XLME interpolants, a seamless bridge between XFEM and enriched meshless methods. Computational Mechanics, 2014, 53(1): 45–57

[28] Cai Y, Zhuang X, Zhu H. A generalized and efficient method for finite cover generation in the numerical manifold method. International Journal of Computational Methods, 2013, 10(5): 1350028

[29] Tsai M H, Lin B H. Investigation of progressive collapse resistance and inelastic response for an earthquake-resistant RC building subjected to column failure. Engineering Structures, 2008, 30(12): 3619–3628

[30] Rabczuk T, Zi G, Bordas S, Nguyen-Xuan H. A geometrically non-linear three-dimensional cohesive crack method for reinforced concrete structures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2008, 75(16): 4740–4758

[31] Zhuang X, Augarde C E, Mathisen K M. Fracture modeling using meshless methods and level sets in 3D: Framework and modeling. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2012, 92(11): 969–998

[32] General Services Administration (GSA). Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization projects GSA. 2003

[33] US Department of Defence. Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse, Unified Facilities Criteria, UFC 4-023-03. 2009

[34] Federal Emergency Management Agency. Guidelines for seismic rehabilitation of buildings, FEMA 273, NEHRP. 1997

[35] Comité Européen de Normalisation. Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Eurocode 8. 2005

[36] Next Generation Attenuation (NGA). Project strong motion database. 2005

[37] Seismosoft Company. Seismosignal earthquake engineering software solutions, Version 5.1.0. 2012

[38] Trifunac M D, Brady A G. A study on duration of strong earthquake ground motio. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 1975, 65: 581–626

[39] Ruth P, Marchand K A, Williamson E B. Static equivalency in progressive collapse alternate path analysis: Reducing conservatism while retaining structural integrity. Perform Construct Facil, 2006, 20(4): 349–364

[40] SAP. 2000. Structural analysis program. Version 18. California: Computers and Structures, Inc. 2015

[41] Zhuang X, Huang R, Zhu H, Askes H, Mathisen K. A new and simple locking-free triangular thick plate element using independent shear degrees of freedom. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 2013, 75: 1–7

[42] Zhuang X, Augarde C, Mathisen K. Fracture modelling using meshless methods and level sets in 3D: Framework and modelling. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2012, 92(11): 969–998

[43] Abdollahzadeh G R, Faghihmaleki H. A method to evaluate the risk-based robustness index in blast-influenced structures. Earthquakes and Structures, 2017, 12(1): 47–54

[44] Abdollahzadeh G R, Faghihmaleki H. Seismic-explosion risk-based robustness index of structures. International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 2016, doi: 10.1177/1056789516651919

[45] Faghihmaleki H, Najafi E K, Aini A H. Seismic rehabilitation effect in a steel moment frame subjected to tow critical loads. International Journal of Structural Integrity, 2017, 8(1): 1–11

[46] Abdollahzadeh G R, Faghihmaleki H. Effect of seismic improvement techniques on a structure in seismic-explosive probabilistic two-hazard risk. International Journal of Structural Engineering, 2016, 7(3): 314–331

[47] Faghihmaleki H, Nejati F, Roshan A M, Motlagh Y B. An evaluation of multi-hazard risk subjected to blast and earthquake loads in RC moment frame with shear wall. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2017, 12(3): 636–647

[48] Khaloo A, Nozhati S, Masoomi H, Faghihmaleki H. Influence of earthquake record truncation on fragility curves of RC frames with different damage indices. Journal of Building Engineering, 2016, 7: 23–30

[49] Abdollahzadeh G R, Faghihmaleki H, Esmaili H. Comparing hysteretic energy and inter-story drift in steel frames with V-shaped brace under near and far fault earthquakes. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2016

[50] Building and housing research center. Iranian code of practice for seismic resistant design of buildings, 4th revision, Standard No. 2800. 2013

[51] Asprone D, Jalayer F, Prota A, Manfredi G. Probabilistic assessment of blast-induced progressive collapse in a seismic retrofitted RC structure. In: The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, 2008

[52] Statistical Institute of Pooyesh. The major damages in the building structures due to a strong earthquake. Report No. 93-411. 2012 (Persian)

[53] Continuation of assistance to the DPC for the completion and management of the seismic hazard map provided by ordinance PCM 3274 and planning for future developments. Project INGV-DPC. S1. 2007

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg