Optoelectronic characteristics and application of black phosphorus and its analogs

Abstract

The tunable bandgap from 0.3 eV to 2 eV of black phosphorus (BP) makes it to fill the gap in graphene. When studying the properties of BP more comprehensive, scientists have discovered that many twodimensional materials, such as tellurene, antimonene, bismuthene, indium selenide and tin sulfide, have similar structures and properties to black phosphorus thus called black phosphorus analogs. In this review, we briefly introduce preparation methods of black phosphorus and its analogs, with emphasis on the method of mechanical exfoliation (ME), liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). And their characterization and properties according to their classification of singleelement materials and multi-element materials are described. We focus on the performance of passively mode-locked fiber lasers using BP and its analogs as saturable absorbers (SA) and demonstrated this part through classification of working wavelength. Finally, we introduce the application of BP and its analogs, and discuss their future research prospects.

Keywords

black phosphorus and its analogs / passively mode-locked fiber lasers / optoelectronic characteristics / saturable absorber

References

[1] G. Wang, A. A. Baker-Murray, and W. J. Blau, Saturable absorption in 2D nanomaterials and related photonic devices, Laser Photonics Rev. 13(7), 1800282 (2019)

[2] C. Wang, J. Liu, and H. Zhang, Ultrafast pulse lasers based on two-dimensinal nanomaterials, Acta Physica Sinica 68(18), 188101 (2019)

[3] X. Chen, Z. Zhou, B. Deng, Z. Wu, F. Xia, Y. Cao, L. Zhang, W. Huang, N. Wang, and L. Wang, Electrically tunable physical properties of two-dimensional materials, Nano Today 27, 99 (2019)

[4] L. Yang, W. Chen, Q. Yu, and B. Liu, Mass production of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene and their applications, Nano Res. (2020)

[5] T. Feng, X. Li, P. Guo, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, and H. Zhang, MXene: Two dimensional inorganic compounds, for gen- eration of bound state soliton pulses in nonlinear optical system, Nanophotonics 9(8), 2505 (2020)

[6] P. Cheng, Y. Du, M. Han, and X. Shu, Mode-locked and Q-switched mode-locked fiber laser based on a ferroferricoxide nanoparticles saturable absorber, Opt. Express 28(9), 13177 (2020)

[7] M. Paillet, R. Parret, J. L.Sauvajol, and P. Colomban, Graphene and related 2D materials: An overview of the Raman studies, J. Raman Spectrosc. 49(1), 8 (2018)

[8] Z. Y. Li, Nanophotonics in China: Overviews and highlights, Front. Phys. 7(6), 601 (2012)

[9] W. Liu, M. Liu, X. Liu, X. Wang, H. X. Deng, M. Lei, Z. Wei, and Z. Wei, Recent advances of 2D materials in nonlinear photonics and fiber lasers, Adv. Opt. Mater. 8(8), 1901631 (2020)

[10] S. Tang, Z. He, G. Liang, S. Chen, Y. Ge, D. K. Sang, J. Lu, S. Lu, Q. Wen, and H. Zhang, Pulse duration dependent nonlinear optical response in black phosphorus dispersions, Opt. Commun. 406, 244 (2018)

[11] R. Gusmão, Z. Sofer, and M. Pumera, Black phosphorus rediscovered: From bulk material to monolayers, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 56(28), 8052 (2017)

[12] B. Guo, Q. Xiao, S. Wang, and H. Zhang, 2D layered materials: Synthesis, nonlinear optical properties, and device applications, Laser Photonics Rev. 13(12), 1800327 (2019)

[13] Y. Xu, X. Jiang, Y. Ge, Z. Guo, Z. Zeng, Q. Xu, H. Zhang, X. Yu, and D. Fan, Size-dependent nonlinear optical properties of black phosphorus nanosheets and their applications in ultrafast photonics, J. Mater. Chem. C 5(12), 3007 (2017)

[14] P. W. Bridgman, Two new modifications of phosphorus, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 36(7), 1344 (1914)

[15] E. S. Reich, Phosphorene excites materials scientists, Nature 506(7486), 19 (2014)

[16] B. Gao, C. Ma, J. Huo, Y. Guo, T. Sun, and G. Wu, Influence of gain fiber on dissipative soliton pairs in passively mode-locked fiber laser based on BP as a saturable absorber, Opt. Commun. 410, 191 (2018)

[17] Z. Wang, Y. Xu, S. C. Dhanabalan, J. Sophia, C. Zhao, C. Xu, Y. Xiang, J. Li, and H. Zhang, Black phosphorus quantum dots as an efficient saturable absorber for bound soliton operation in an erbium doped fiber laser, IEEE Photonics J. 8(5), 1503310 (2016)

[18] D. Mao, M. Li, X. Cui, W. Zhang, H. Lu, K. Song, and J. Zhao, Stable high-power saturable absorber based on polymer-black-phosphorus films, Opt. Commun. 406, 254 (2018)

[19] J. Liu, F. Zhao, H. Wang, W. Zhang, X. Hu, X. Li, and Y. Wang, Generation of dark solitons in erbium-doped fiber laser based on black phosphorus nanoparticles, Opt. Mater. 89, 100 (2019)

[20] X. Liu, Q. Guo, and J. Qiu, Emerging low-dimensional materials for nonlinear optics and ultrafast photonics, Adv. Mater. 29(14), 1605886 (2017)

[21] A. Naskar and K. S. Kim, Black phosphorus nanomaterials as multi-potent and emerging platforms against bacterial infections, Microb. Pathog. 137, 103800 (2019)

[22] Y. Wang, G. Qiu, R. Wang, S. Huang, Q. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. Du, W. III Goddard, M. Kim, X. Xu, P. Ye, and W. Wu, Field-effect transistors made from solution-grown two-dimensional tellurene, Nat. Electron 1(4), 228 (2018)

[23] S. A. Hussain, Discovery of several new families of saturable absorbers for ultrashort pulsed laser systems, Sci. Rep. 9(1), 19910 (2019)

[24] T. Hai, G. Xie, Z. Qiao, Z. Qin, J. Ma, Y. Sun, F. Wang, P. Yuan, J. Ma, and L. Qian, Indium selenide film: a promising saturable absorber in 3- to 4-μm band for midinfrared pulsed laser, Nanophotonics 9(7), 2045 (2020)

[25] Y. Li, C. Yu, Z. Li, P. Jiang, X. Zhou, C. Gao, and J. Li, Layer-dependent and light-tunable surface potential of two-dimensional indium selenide (InSe) flakes, Rare Met. 39(12), 1356 (2020)

[26] F. J. Manjón, A. Segura, and V. Muñoz, High density photoluminescence induced by laser pulse excitation in InSe under pressure, High Press. Res. 18(1-6), 81 (2000)

[27] S. Li, C. Wang, Y. Yin, E. Lewis, and P. Wang, Novel layered 2D materials for ultrafast photonics, Nanophotonics 9(7), 1743 (2020)

[28] R. Zhou, K. Ullah, S. Yang, Q. Lin, L. Tang, D. Liu, S. Li, Y. Zhao, and F. Wang, Recent advances in graphene and black phosphorus nonlinear plasmonics, Nanophotonics 9(7), 1695 (2020)

[29] X. Liu, Q. Gao, Y. Zheng, D. Mao, and J. Zhao, Recent progress of pulsed fiber lasers based on transitionmetal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus saturable absorbers, Nanophotonics 9(8), 2215 (2020)

[30] C. Zhang, Y. Chen, T. Fan, Y. Ge, C. Zhao, H. Zhang, and S. Wen, Sub-hundred nanosecond pulse generation from a black phosphorus Q-switched Er-doped fiber laser, Opt. Express 28(4), 4708 (2020)

[31] D. Wang, H. Song, X. Long, and L. Li, Switchable and tunable multi-wavelength emissions in pulsed ytterbium fiber lasers with black phosphorus saturable absorbers and polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg gratings, Opt. Commun. 452, 373 (2019)

[32] X. Shi, Z. Tong, W. Zhang, J. Qin, H. Pan, and C. Sun, Tunable multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on BPQDs packaged by poly tetra fluoroethylene and two segments of PMF, Opt. Commun. 453, 124349 (2019)

[33] J. Sotor, G. Sobon, W. Macherzynski, P. Paletko, and K. M. Abramski, Black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultrashort pulse generation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 107(5), 051108 (2015)

[34] M. Zhang, Q. Wu, F. Zhang, L. Chen, X. Jin, Y. Hu, Z. Zheng, and H. Zhang, 2D black phosphorus saturable absorbers for ultrafast photonics, Adv. Opt. Mater. 7(1), 1800224 (2019)

[35] H. Liu, W. Song, Y. Yu, Q. Jiang, F. Pang, and T. Wang, Black phosphorus-film with drop-casting method for high-energy pulse generation From Q-switched Erdoped fiber laser, Photonic Sens. 9(3), 239 (2019)

[36] P. Guo, X. Li, T. Chai, T. Feng, Y. Ge, Y. Song, and Y. Wang, Few-layer bismuthene for robust ultrafast photonics in C-band optical communications, Nanotechnology 30(35), 354002 (2019)

[37] H. Luo, X. Tian, Y. Gao, R. Wei, J. Li, J. Qiu, and Y. Liu, Antimonene: A long-term stable two-dimensional saturable absorption material under ambient conditions for the mid-infrared spectral region, Photon. Res. 6(9), 900 (2018)

[38] L. Huang and K. W. Ang, Black phosphorus photonics toward on-chip applications, Phys. Rev. Appl. 7(3), 031302 (2020)

[39] A. H. H. Al-Masoodi, M. Yasin, M. H. M. Ahmed, A. A. Latiff, H. Arof, and S. W. Harun, Mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser using mechanically exfoliated black phosphorus as saturable absorber, Optik (Stuttg.) 147, 52 (2017)

[40] C. Shang, Y. Zhang, H. Qin, B. He, C. Zhang, J. Sun, J. Li, J. Ma, X. Ji, L. Xu, and B. Fu, Review on wavelengthtunable pulsed fiber lasers based on 2D materials, Opt. Laser Technol. 131, 106375 (2020)

[41] Y. Zhang, S. Wang, S. Chen, Q. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Zhu, X. Zhang, X. Xu, T. Yang, M. He, X. Yang, Z. Li, X. Chen, M. Wu, Y. Lu, R. Ma, W. Lu, and A. Pan, Wavelength-tunable mid-infrared lasing from black phosphorus nanosheets, Adv. Mater. 32(17), e1808319 (2020)

[42] Y. Zhang, D. Lu, H. Yu, and H. Zhang, Low-dimensional saturable absorbers in the visible spectral region, Adv. Opt. Mater. 7(1), 1800886 (2019)

[43] Y. Han, Y. Guo, B. Gao, C. Ma, R. Zhang, and H. Zhang, Generation, optimization, and application of ultrashort femtosecond pulse in mode-locked fiber lasers, Prog. Quantum Electron. 71, 100264 (2020)

[44] B. Gao, R. H. Zhang, J. Y. Huo, C. Y. Ma, Y. Han, Q. R. Hou, F. Deng, G. Wu, and Y. Q. Ge, Generation and categories of solitons in various mode-locked fiber lasers, Optik (Stuttg.) 220, 165168 (2020)

[45] Y. Han, B. Gao, Y. Y. Li, J. Y. Huo, and Y. B. Guo, Numerical simulation of two-soliton and three-soliton molecules evolution in passively mode-locked fiber laser, Optik (Stuttg.) 223, 165381 (2020)

[46] Y. Zhao, P. Guo, X. Li, and Z. Jin, Ultrafast photonics application of graphdiyne in the optical communication region, Carbon 149, 336 (2019)

[47] H. Song, Q. Wang, Y. Zhang, and L. Li, Mode-locked ytterbium-doped all-fiber lasers based on few-layer black phosphorus saturable absorbers, Opt. Commun. 394, 157 (2017)

[48] J. Wang, H. Yuan, H. Chen, J. Yin, J. Li, T. He, C. Guo, P. Yan, J. Wang, R. Yang, X. Zeng, and S. Ruan, Ultrafast pulse generation for Er- and Tm-doped fiber lasers with Sb thin film saturable absorber, J. Lightwave Technol. 38(14), 3710 (2020)

[49] M. Zhang, J. Li, H. Chen, J. Zhang, J. Yin, T. He, J. Wang, M. Zhang, B. Zhang, J. Yuan, P. Yan, and S. Ruan, Group IIIA/IVA monochalcogenides nanosheets for ultrafast photonics, APL Photonics 4(9), 090801 (2019)

[50] Q. Guo, J. Pan, Y. Liu, H. Si, Z. Lu, X. Han, J. Gao, Z. Zuo, H. Zhang, and S. Jiang, Output energy enhancement in a mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser using CVDBi2Se3 as a saturable absorber, Opt. Express 27(17), 24670 (2019)

[51] E. Kovalska, J. Luxa, T. Hartman, N. Antonatos, P. Shaban, E. Oparin, M. Zhukova, and Z. Sofer, Nonaqueous solution-processed phosphorene by controlled low-potential electrochemical exfoliation and thin film preparation, Nanoscale 12(4), 2638 (2020)

[52] H. Liu, Z. Li, Y. Yu, J. Lin, S. Liu, F. Pang, and T. Wang, Nonlinear optical properties of anisotropic twodimensional layered materials for ultrafast photonics, Nanophotonics 9(7), 1651 (2020)

[53] Y. Chen, G. Jiang, S. Chen, Z. Guo, X. Yu, C. Zhao, H. Zhang, Q. Bao, S. Wen, D. Tang, and D. Fan, Mechanically exfoliated black phosphorus as a new saturable absorber for both Q-switching and mode-locking laser operation, Opt. Express 23(10), 12823 (2015)

[54] G. Tiouitchi, M. A. Ali, A. Benyoussef, M. Hamedoun, A. Lachgar, M. Benaissa, A. Kara, A. Ennaoui, A. Mahmoud, F. Boschini, H. Oughaddou, A. El Kenz, and O. Mounkachi, An easy route to synthesize highquality black phosphorus from amorphous red phosphorus, Mater. Lett. 236, 56 (2019)

[55] J. R. Brent, N. Savjani, E. A. Lewis, S. J. Haigh, D. J. Lewis, and P. O’Brien, Production of few-layer phosphorene by liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus, Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 50(87), 13338 (2014)

[56] A. Ambrosi, and M. Pumera, Exfoliation of layered materials using electrochemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(19), 7213 (2018)

[57] S. Yang, A. Kim, J. Park, H. Kwon, P. T. Lanh, S. Hong, K. J. Kim, and J. W. Kim, Thermal annealing of black phosphorus for etching and protection, Appl. Surf. Sci. 457, 773 (2018)

[58] J. Jia, S. K. Jang, S. Lai, J. Xu, Y. J. Choi, J. H. Park, and S. Lee, Plasma-treated thickness-controlled twodimensional black phosphorus and its electronic transport properties, ACS Nano 9(9), 8729 (2015)

[59] Z. J. Han, A. T. Murdock, D. H. Seo, and A. Bendavid, Recent progress in plasma-assisted synthesis and modification of 2D materials, 2D Mater. 5(3), 032002 (2018)

[60] B. Guo, S. H. Wang, Z. X. Wu, Z. X. Wang, D. H. Wang, H. Huang, F. Zhang, Y. Q. Ge, and H. Zhang, Sub-200 fs soliton mode-locked fiber laser based on bismuthene saturable absorber, Opt. Express 26(18), 22750 (2018)

[61] L. Lu, Z. Liang, L. Wu, Y. Chen, Y. Song, S. C. Dhanabalan, J. S. Ponraj, B. Dong, Y. Xiang, F. Xing, D. Fan, and H. Zhang, Few-layer bismuthene: Sonochemical exfoliation, nonlinear optics and applications for ultrafast photonics with enhanced stability, Laser Photonics Rev. 12(1), 1700221 (2018)

[62] C. Wang, L. Wang, X. Li, W. Luo, T. Feng, Y. Zhang, P. Guo, and Y. Ge, Few-layer bismuthene for femtosecond soliton molecules generation in Er-doped fiber laser, Nanotechnology 30(2), 025204 (2019)

[63] T. Chai, X. Li, T. Feng, P. Guo, Y. Song, Y. Chen, and H. Zhang, Few-layer bismuthene for ultrashort pulse generation in a dissipative system based on an evanescent field, Nanoscale 10(37), 17617 (2018)

[64] J. Zhu, X. Liu, M. Xue, and C. Chen, Phosphorene: Synthesis, structure, properties and device applications, Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 33(11), 2153 (2017)

[65] Z. Hui, M. Qu, X. Li, Y. Guo, J. Li, L. Jing, and Z. Wu, SnS nanosheets for harmonic pulses generation in near infrared region, Nanotechnology 31(48), 485706 (2020)

[66] J. Feng, X. Li, A. Qyyum, Y. Zhang, C. Zheng, Y. Wang, J. Liu, J. Lu, and G. Zhu, SnS nanosheets for 105th harmonic soliton molecule generation, Ann. Phys-Berlin 531(10), 1900273 (2019)

[67] H. Zhu, D. Yang, Y. Ji, H. Zhang, and X. Shen, Twodimensional SnS nanosheets fabricated by a novel hydrothermal method, J. Mater. Sci. 40(3), 591 (2005)

[68] X. Wang, J. Song, and J. Qu, Antimonene: From experimental preparation to practical application, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 58(6), 1574 (2019)

[69] F. Yang, Y. Liang, L. X. Liu, Q. Zhu, W. H. Wang, X. T. Zhu, and J. D. Guo, Controlled growth of complex polar oxide films with atomically precise molecular beam epitaxy, Front. Phys. 13(5), 136802 (2018)

[70] H. Yuan, F. Zhu, J. Wang, R. Yang, N. Wang, Y. Yu, P. Yan, and J. Guo, Generation of ultra-fast pulse based on bismuth saturable absorber, Wuli Xuebao 69(9), 094203 (2020)

[71] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, and A. A. Firsov, Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene, Nature 438(7065), 197 (2005)

[72] S. Wu, K. S. Hui, and K. N. Hui, 2D black phosphorus: From preparation to applications for electrochemical energy storage, Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 5(5), 1700491 (2018)

[73] J. Wang, X. Wang, J. Lei, M. Ma, C. Wang, Y. Ge, and Z. Wei, Recent advances in mode-locked fiber lasers based on two-dimensional materials, Nanophotonics 9(8), 2315 (2020)

[74] C. Ma, C. Wang, B. Gao, J. Adams, G. Wu, and H. Zhang, Recent progress in ultrafast lasers based on 2D materials as a saturable absorber, Phys. Rev. Appl. 6(4), 041304 (2019)

[75] N. Li, Q. Wang, and H.L. Zhang, 2D materials in light: Excited-state dynamics and applications, Chem. Rec. 20(5), 413 (2020)

[76] H. Ahmad, S. A. Reduan, S. I. Ooi, and M. A. Ismail, Mechanically exfoliated In2Se3 as a saturable absorber for mode-locking a thulium-doped fluoride fiber laser operating in S-band, Appl. Opt. 57(24), 6937 (2018)

[77] Z. Qin, G. Xie, H. Zhang, C. Zhao, P. Yuan, S. Wen, and L. Qian, Black phosphorus as saturable absorber for the Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 μm, Opt. Express 23(19), 24713 (2015)

[78] S. Su, B. Xu, J. Ding, and H. Yu, Large-yield exfoliation of few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets in liquid, New J. Chem. 43(48), 19365 (2019)

[79] Z. Guo, H. Zhang, S. Lu, Z. Wang, S. Tang, J. Shao, Z. Sun, H. Xie, H. Wang, X. F. Yu, and P. K. Chu, From black phosphorus to phosphorene: Basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of Raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics, Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(45), 6996 (2015)

[80] Y. Song, Z. Liang, X. Jiang, Y. Chen, Z. Li, L. Lu, Y. Ge, K. Wang, J. Zheng, S. Lu, J. Ji, and H. Zhang, Few-layer antimonene decorated microfiber: ultra-short pulse generation and all-optical thresholding with enhanced long term stability, 2D Mater. 4(4), 045010 (2017)

[81] C. Xing, J. Zhang, J. Jing, J. Li, and F. Shi, Preparations, properties and applications of low-dimensional black phosphorus, Chem. Eng. J. 370, 120 (2019)

[82] W. Zhang, G. Wang, F. Xing, Z. Man, F. Zhang, K. Han, H. Zhang, and S. Fu, Passively Q-switched and mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasers based on tellurene nanosheets as saturable absorber, Opt. Express 28(10), 14729 (2020)

[83] W. Yang, N. Xu, and H. Zhang, Nonlinear absorption properties of indium selenide and its application for demonstrating pulsed Er-doped fiber laser, Laser Phys. Lett. 15(10), 105101 (2018)

[84] N. Xu, W. Yang, and H. Zhang, Nonlinear saturable absorption properties of indium selenide and its application for demonstrating a Yb-doped mode-locked fiber laser, Opt. Mater. Express 8(10), 3092 (2018)

[85] Z. Xie, C. Xing, W. Huang, T. Fan, Z. Li, J. Zhao, Y. Xiang, Z. Guo, J. Li, Z. Yang, B. Dong, J. Qu, D. Fan, and H. Zhang, Ultrathin 2D Nonlayered Tellurium Nanosheets: Facile Liquid-Phase Exfoliation, Characterization, and Photoresponse with High Performance and Enhanced Stability, Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(16), 1705833 (2018)

[86] B. Fu, J. Sun, G. Wang, C. Shang, Y. Ma, J. Ma, L. Xu, and V. Scardaci, Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for ultrafast fiber lasers (invited), Nanophotonics 9(8), 2169 (2020)

[87] J. B. Smith, D. Hagaman, and H. F. Ji, Growth of 2D black phosphorus film from chemical vapor deposition, Nanotechnology 27(21), 215602 (2016)

[88] W. Liu, Y. Zhu, X. Xu, S. Wang, and X. Zhang, Preparation of few-layer black phosphorus by wet ball milling exfoliation, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 31(12), 9543 (2020)

[89] Q. Q. Yang, R. T. Liu, C. Huang, Y. F. Huang, L. F. Gao, B. Sun, Z. P. Huang, L. Zhang, C. X. Hu, Z. Q. Zhang, C. L. Sun, Q. Wang, Y. L. Tang, and H.L. Zhang, 2D bismuthene fabricated via acid-intercalated exfoliation showing strong nonlinear near-infrared responses for mode-locking lasers, Nanoscale 10(45), 21106 (2018)

[90] J. Pei, X. Gai, J. Yang, X. Wang, Z. Yu, D. Y. Choi, B. Luther-Davies, and Y. Lu, Producing air-stable monolayers of phosphorene and their defect engineering, Nat. Commun. 7(1), 10450 (2016)

[91] V. Eswaraiah, Q. Zeng, Y. Long, and Z. Liu, Black phosphorus nanosheets: Synthesis, characterization and applications, Small 12(26), 3480 (2016)

[92] J. Y. Xu, L. F. Gao, C. X. Hu, Z. Y. Zhu, M. Zhao, Q. Wang, and H. L. Zhang, Preparation of large size, few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets via phytic acidassisted liquid exfoliation, Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 52(52), 8107 (2016)

[93] H. Xiao, M. Zhao, J. Zhang, X. Ma, J. Zhang, T. Hu, T. Tang, J. Jia, and H. Wu, Electrochemical cathode exfoliation of bulky black phosphorus into few-layer phosphorene nanosheets, Electrochem. Commun. 89, 10 (2018)

[94] S. Yang, K. Zhang, A. G. Ricciardulli, P. Zhang, Z. Liao, M. R. Lohe, E. Zschech, P. W. M. Blom, W. Pisula, K. Mullen, and X. Feng, A delamination strategy for thinly layered defect-free high-mobility black phosphorus flakes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57(17), 4677 (2018)

[95] Q. Hao, J. Liu, G. Wang, J. Chen, H. Gan, J. Zhu, Y. Ke, Y. Chai, J. Lin, and W. Zhang, Surface-modified ultrathin inse nanosheets with enhanced stability and photoluminescence for high-performance optoelectronics, ACS Nano 14(9), 11373 (2020)

[96] Z. Yang, J. Hao, S. Yuan, S. Lin, H. M. Yau, J. Dai, and S. P. Lau, Field-effect transistors based on amorphous black phosphorus ultrathin films by pulsed laser deposition, Adv. Mater. 27(25), 3748 (2015)

[97] J. Ji, X. Song, J. Liu, Z. Yan, C. Huo, S. Zhang, M. Su, L. Liao, W. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Hao, and H. Zeng, Twodimensional antimonene single crystals grown by van der Waals epitaxy, Nat. Commun. 7(1), 13352 (2016)

[98] Q. Sun, X. Zhao, Y. Feng, Y. Wu, Z. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Wang, S. Feng, and X. Liu, Pressure quenching: a new route for the synthesis of black phosphorus, Inorg. Chem. Front. 5(3), 669 (2018)

[99] K. Wang, X. Zhang, I. M. Kislyakov, N. Dong, S. Zhang, G. Wang, J. Fan, X. Zou, J. Du, Y. Leng, Q. Zhao, K. Wu, J. Chen, S. M. Baesman, K. S. Liao, S. Maharjan, H. Zhang, L. Zhang, S. A. Curran, R. S. Oremland, W. J. Blau, and J. Wang, Bacterially synthesized tellurium nanostructures for broadband ultrafast nonlinear optical applications, Nat. Commun. 10(1), 3985 (2019)

[100] B. Wang, S. Zhong, Y. Ge, H. Wang, X. Luo, and H. Zhang, Present advances and perspectives of broadband photo-detectors based on emerging 2D-Xenes beyond graphene, Nano Res. 13(4), 891 (2020)

[101] H. Liu, Y. Du, Y. Deng, and P. D. Ye, Semiconducting black phosphorus: Synthesis, transport properties and electronic applications, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44(9), 2732 (2015)

[102] A. Castellanos-Gomez, Black phosphorus: Narrow gap, wide applications, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(21), 4280 (2015)

[103] X. Wang and S. Lan, Optical properties of black phosphorus, Adv. Opt. Photonics 8(4), 618 (2016)

[104] X. Ling, H. Wang, S. Huang, F. Xia, and M. S. Dresselhaus, The renaissance of black phosphorus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(15), 4523 (2015)

[105] X. Chen, J. S. Ponraj, D. Fan, and H. Zhang, An overview of the optical properties and applications of black phosphorus, Nanoscale 12(6), 3513 (2020)

[106] D. Zhang, Z. Yuan, G. Zhang, N. Tian, D. Liu, and Y. Zhang, Preparation and characterization of black phosphorus, Acta Chimi. Sin. 76(7), 537 (2018)

[107] S. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Wang, B. Chen, K. Wu, K. Wang, D. Hanlon, J. N. Coleman, J. Chen, L. Zhang, and J. Wang, Size-dependent saturable absorption and modelocking of dispersed black phosphorus nanosheets, Opt. Mater. Express 6(10), 3159 (2016)

[108] K. S. Novoselov, D. V. Andreeva, W. Ren, and G. Shan, Graphene and other two-dimensional materials, Front. Phys. 14(1), 13301 (2019)

[109] J. C. Lei, X. Zhang, and Z. Zhou, Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications, Front. Phys. 10(3), 276 (2015)

[110] F. Xia, H. Wang, and Y. Jia, Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics, Nat. Commun. 5(1), 4458 (2014)

[111] J. Zou, Q. Ruan, X. Zhang, B. Xu, Z. Cai, and Z. Luo, Visible-wavelength pulsed lasers with low-dimensional saturable absorbers, Nanophotonics 9(8), 2273 (2020)

[112] T. Wang, W. Zhang, X. Shi, J. Wang, X. Ding, K. Zhang, J. Peng, J. Wu, and P. Zhou, Black phosphorus-enabled harmonic mode locking of dark pulses in a Yb-doped fiber laser, Laser Phys. Lett. 16(8), 085102 (2019)

[113] L. Xian, A. Pérez Paz, E. Bianco, P. M. Ajayan and A. Rubio, Square selenene and tellurene: Novel group VI elemental 2D materials with nontrivial topological properties, 2D Mater. 4(4), 041003 (2017)

[114] Z. Zhu, X. Cai, S. Yi, J. Chen, Y. Dai, C. Niu, Z. Guo, M. Xie, F. Liu, J. H. Cho, Y. Jia, and Z. Zhang, Multivalency-driven formation of Te-based monolayer materials: A combined first-principles and experimental study, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119(10), 106101 (2017)

[115] J. Guo, J. Zhao, D. Huang, Y. Wang, F. Zhang, Y. Ge, Y. Song, C. Xing, D. Fan, and H. Zhang, Twodimensional tellurium-polymer membrane for ultrafast photonics, Nanoscale 11(13), 6235 (2019)

[116] F. Zhang, G. Liu, Z. Wang, T. Tang, X. Wang, C. Wang, S. Fu, F. Xing, K. Han, and X. Xu, Broadband nonlinear absorption properties of two-dimensional hexagonal tellurene nanosheets, Nanoscale 11(36), 17058 (2019)

[117] Z. Shi, R. Cao, K. Khan, A. K. Tareen, X. Liu, W. Liang, Y. Zhang, C. Ma, Z. Guo, X. Luo, and H. Zhang, Two-dimensional tellurium: Progress, challenges, and prospects, Nano-Micro Lett. 12(1), 99 (2020)

[118] N. Xu, P. Ma, S. Fu, X. Shang, S. Jiang, S. Wang, D. Li, and H. Zhang, Tellurene-based saturable absorber to demonstrate large-energy dissipative soliton and noiselike pulse generations, Nanophotonics 9(9), 2783 (2020)

[119] S. Zhang, S. Guo, Z. Chen, Y. Wang, H. Gao, J. Gomez-Herrero, P. Ares, F. Zamora, Z. Zhu, and H. Zeng, Recent progress in 2D group-VA semiconductors: From theory to experiment, Chem. Soc. Rev. 47(3), 982 (2018)

[120] G. Wang, R. Pandey, and S. P. Karna, Atomically thin group V elemental films: Theoretical investigations of antimonene allotropes, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(21), 11490 (2015)

[121] P. Hu, Y. Liu, L. Guo, X. Ge, X. Liu, L. Yu, and Q. Liu, Passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser based on antimonene as saturable absorber, Appl. Opt. 58(28), 7845 (2019)

[122] G. Liu, F. Zhang, T. Wu, Z. Li, W. Zhang, K. Han, F. Xing, Z. Man, X. Ge, and S. Fu, Single- and dualwavelength passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser based on antimonene saturable absorber, IEEE Photonics J. 11(3), 1 (2019)

[123] T. Feng, X. Li, T. Chai, P. Guo, Y. Zhang, R. Liu, J. Liu, J. Lu, and Y. Ge, Bismuthene nanosheets for 1 μm multipulse generation, Langmuir 36(1), 3 (2020)

[124] J. He, L. Tao, H. Zhang, B. Zhou, and J. Li, Emerging 2D materials beyond graphene for ultrashort pulse generation in fiber lasers, Nanoscale 11(6), 2577 (2019)

[125] Z. Yang, Z. Wu, Y. Lyu, and J. Hao, Centimeter-scale growth of two-dimensional layered high-mobility bismuth films by pulsed laser deposition, InfoMat 1(1), 98 (2019)

[126] D. A. Bandurin, A. V. Tyurnina, G. L. Yu, A. Mishchenko, V. Zolyomi, S. V. Morozov, R. K. Kumar, R. V. Gorbachev, Z. R. Kudrynskyi, S. Pezzini, Z. D. Kovalyuk, U. Zeitler, K. S. Novoselov, A. Patane, L. Eaves, I. V. Grigorieva, V. I. Fal’ko, A. K. Geim, and Y. Cao, High electron mobility, quantum Hall effect and anomalous optical response in atomically thin InSe, Nat. Nanotechnol. 12(3), 223 (2017)

[127] J. Quereda, R. Biele, G. Rubio-Bollinger, N. Agraït, R. D’Agosta, and A. Castellanos-Gomez, Strong quantum confinement effect in the optical properties of ultrathin α-In₂Se₃, Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(12), 1939 (2016)

[128] M. Yüksek, H. G. Yaglioglu, A. Elmali, E. M. Aydın, U. Kürüm, and A. Ateş, Nonlinear and saturable absorption characteristics of Ho doped InSe crystals, Opt. Commun. 310, 100 (2014)

[129] H. Long, S. Liu, Q. Wen, H. Yuan, C. Y. Tang, J. Qu, S. Ma, W. Qarony, L. H. Zeng, and Y. H. Tsang, In₂Se₃ nanosheets with broadband saturable absorption used for near-infrared femtosecond laser mode locking, Nanotechnology 30(46), 465704 (2019)

[130] X. Han, H. Zhang, S. Jiang, C. Zhang, D. Li, Q. Guo, J. Gao, and B. Man, Improved laser damage threshold of In₂Se₃ saturable absorber by PVD for high-power modelocked Er-doped fiber laser, Nanomaterials (Basel) 9(9), 1216 (2019)

[131] H. Tian, J. Tice, R. Fei, V. Tran, X. Yan, L. Yang, and H. Wang, Low-symmetry two-dimensional materials for electronic and photonic applications, Nano Today 11(6), 763 (2016)

[132] L. Liu, L. Yu, X. L. Li, Z. B. Wang, and Q. Liang, Structure and optical properties of Cu-doped SnS thin films prepared by PLD, Chin. J. Lumin. 36(11), 1311 (2015)

[133] Z. Xie, F. Zhang, Z. Liang, T. Fan, Z. Li, X. Jiang, H. Chen, J. Li, and H. Zhang, Revealing of the ultrafast third-order nonlinear optical response and enabled photonic application in two-dimensional tin sulfide, Photon. Res. 7(5), 494 (2019)

[134] Y. Li, Y. He, Y. Cai, S. Chen, J. Liu, Y. Chen, and X. Yuanjiang, Black phosphorus: Broadband nonlinear optical absorption and application, Laser Phys. Lett. 15(2), 025301 (2018)

[135] T. Wang, W. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Wu, T. Hou, P. Ma, R. Su, Y. Ma, J. Peng, L. Zhan, K. Zhang, and P. Zhou, Bright/dark switchable mode-locked fiber laser based on black phosphorus, Opt. Laser Technol. 123, 105948 (2020)

[136] M. B. Hisyam, M. F. M. Rusdi, A. A. Latiff, and S. W. Harun, Generation of mode-locked ytterbium doped fiber ring laser using few-layer black phosphorus as a saturable absorber, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 23(1), 39 (2017)

[137] X. Jin, G. Hu, M. Zhang, Y. Hu, T. Albrow-Owen, R. C. T. Howe, T. C. Wu, Q. Wu, Z. Zheng, and T. Hasan, 102 fs pulse generation from a long-term stable, inkjetprinted black phosphorus-mode-locked fiber laser, Opt. Express 26(10), 12506 (2018)

[138] H. Yu, X. Zheng, K. Yin, X. Cheng, and T. Jiang, Thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser passively mode locked by black phosphorus nanoplatelets-based saturable absorber, Appl. Opt. 54(34), 10290 (2015)

[139] Z. Qin, G. Xie, C. Zhao, S. Wen, P. Yuan, and L. Qian, Mid-infrared mode-locked pulse generation with multilayer black phosphorus as saturable absorber, Opt. Lett. 41(1), 56 (2016)

[140] Q. Feng, H. Liu, M. Zhu, J. Shang, D. Liu, X. Cui, D. Shen, L. Kou, D. Mao, J. Zheng, C. Li, J. Zhang, H. Xu, and J. Zhao, Electrostatic functionalization and passivation of water-exfoliated few-layer black phosphorus by poly dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride and its ultrafast laser application, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(11), 9679 (2018)

[141] K. Park, J. Lee, Y. T. Lee, W. K. Choi, J. H. Lee, and Y. W. Song, Black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultrafast mode-locked pulse laser via evanescent field interaction, Ann. Phys-Berlin 527(11–12), 770 (2015)

[142] D. Li, H. Jussila, L. Karvonen, G. Ye, H. Lipsanen, X. Chen, and Z. Sun, Polarization and thickness dependent absorption properties of black phosphorus: New saturable absorber for ultrafast pulse generation, Sci. Rep. 5(1), 15899 (2015)

[143] L. Yun, Black phosphorus saturable absorber for dualwavelength polarization-locked vector soliton generation, Opt. Express 25(26), 32380 (2017)

[144] Y. Song, S. Chen, Q. Zhang, L. Li, L. Zhao, H. Zhang, and D. Tang, Vector soliton fiber laser passively mode locked by few layer black phosphorus-based optical saturable absorber, Opt. Express 24(23), 25933 (2016)

[145] M. H. M. Ahmed, A. A. Latiff, H. Arof, and S. W. Harun, Ultrafast erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked with a black phosphorus saturable absorber, Laser Phys. Lett. 13(9), 095104 (2016)

[146] C. Gao, S. Lv, G. Zhu, G. Wang, X. Su, B. Wang, S. Kumar, R. Dou, F. Peng, Q. Zhang, H. Yu, X. Lin, and B. Zhang, Self-Q-switching and passively Q-switched modelocking of dual-wavelength Nd:YSAG laser, Opt. Laser Technol. 122, 105860 (2020)

[147] L. Li, Y. Wang, and X. Wang, Ultrafast pulse generation with black phosphorus solution saturable absorber, Laser Phys. 27(8), 085104 (2017)

[148] E. I. Ismail, N. A. Kadir, A. A. Latiff, H. Ahmad, and S. W. Harun, Black phosphorus crystal as a saturable absorber for both a Q-switched and mode-locked erbiumdoped fiber laser, RSC Adv. 6(76), 72692 (2016)

[149] D. Na, K. Park, K. H. Park, and Y. W. Song, Passivation of black phosphorus saturable absorbers for reliable pulse formation of fiber lasers, Nanotechnology 28(47), 475207 (2017)

[150] Z. C. Luo, M. Liu, Z. N. Guo, X. F. Jiang, A. P. Luo, C. J. Zhao, X. F. Yu, W. C. Xu, and H. Zhang, Microfiberbased few-layer black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultra-fast fiber laser, Opt. Express 23(15), 20030 (2015)

[151] Y. Chen, S. Chen, J. Liu, Y. Gao, and W. Zhang, Sub-300 femtosecond soliton tunable fiber laser with allanomalous dispersion passively mode locked by black phosphorus, Opt. Express 24(12), 13316 (2016)

[152] W. Li, G. Chen, G. Wang, C. Zeng, and W. Zhao, Wideband wavelength-tunable ultrafast fiber laser based on black phosphorus saturable absorber, Laser Phys. Lett. 15(12), 125102 (2018)

[153] J. Du, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, J. Chen, X. Zhu, G. Hu, P. Peng, Z. Zheng, and H. Zhang, Phosphorene quantum dot saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers, Sci. Rep. 7(1), 42357 (2017)

[154] M. Liu, X. F. Jiang, Y. R. Yan, X. D. Wang, A. P. Luo, W. C. Xu, and Z. C. Luo, Black phosphorus quantum dots for femtosecond laser photonics, Opt. Commun. 406, 85 (2018)

[155] Y. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, H. Zhang, and X. F. Yu, Solvothermal synthesis and ultrafast photonics of black phosphorus quantum dots, Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(8), 1223 (2016)

[156] G. Liu, J. Yuan, T. Wu, F. Zhang, F. Xing, W. Zhang, H. Zhang, and S. Fu, Ultrathin 2D nonlayered tellurene nanosheets as saturable absorber for picosecond pulse generation in all-fiber lasers, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 27(2), 1 (2021)

[157] L. Du, D. Lu, J. Li, L. Yang, K. Yang, B. Huang, L. Miao, X. Qi, C. Zhao, J. Zhong, and S. Wen, Antimony thin film as a robust broadband saturable absorber, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 27(2), 1 (2021)

[158] W. Xu, P. Guo, X. Li, Z. Hui, Y. Wang, Z. Shi, and Y. Shu, Sheet-structured bismuthene for near-infrared dual-wavelength harmonic mode-locking, Nanotechnology 31(22), 225209 (2020)

[159] P. Guo, X. Li, T. Feng, Y. Zhang, and W. Xu, Few-layer bismuthene for coexistence of harmonic and dual wavelength in a mode-locked fiber laser, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(28), 31757 (2020)

[160] P. Yan, Z. Jiang, H. Chen, J. Yin, J. Lai, J. Wang, T. He, and J. Yang, α-In₂Se₃ wideband optical modulator for pulsed fiber lasers, Opt. Lett. 43(18), 4417 (2018)

[161] J. Sotor, G. Sobon, M. Kowalczyk, W. Macherzynski, P. Paletko, and K. M. Abramski, Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser mode locked with black phosphorus, Opt. Lett. 40(16), 3885 (2015)

[162] J. Liu, K. Xia, W. Zhang, J. Zhu, B. Yan, P. Yang, S. Dai, and Q. Nie, Tm-doped all-fiber structured femtosecond laser mode-locked by a novel Chem-Te saturable absorber, Infrared Phys. Technol. 108, 103343 (2020)

[163] J. Li, H. Luo, B. Zhai, R. Lu, Z. Guo, H. Zhang, and Y. Liu, Black phosphorus: A two-dimension saturable absorption material for mid-infrared Q-switched and modelocked fiber lasers, Sci. Rep. 6(1), 30361 (2016)

[164] Z. Qin, T. Hai, G. Xie, J. Ma, P. Yuan, L. Qian, L. Li, L. Zhao, and D. Shen, Black phosphorus Q-switched and mode-locked mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 3.5 μm wavelength, Opt. Express 26(7), 8224 (2018)

[165] W. Jia, J. Yu, L. Chai, and C. Y. Wang, Micromachining soda-lime glass by femtosecond laser pulses, Front. Phys. 10(4), 1 (2015)

[166] Z. Dong, S. Li, R. Chen, H. Li, C. Gu, P. Yao, and L. Xu, Mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on offset-spliced graded index multimode fibers, Opt. Laser Technol. 119, 105576 (2019)

[167] L. Zheng, K. Hu, F. Teng, and X. Fang, Novel UV-visible photodetector in photovoltaic mode with fast response and ultrahigh photosensitivity employing Se/TiO₂ nanotubes heterojunction, Small 13(5), 1602448 (2017)

[168] J. Li, Y. Ding, D. Wei Zhang, and P. Zhou, Photodetectors based on two-dimensional materials and their van der waals heterostructures, Acta Phys.-Chem. Sin. 35(10), 1058 (2019)

[169] J. Wu, G. Koon, D. Xiang, C. Han, C. Toh, E. Kulkarni, I. Verzhbitskiy, A. Carvalho, A. Rodin, S. Koenig, G. Eda, W. Chen, A. Neto, and B. Ozyilmaz, Colossal ultraviolet photoresponsivity of few-layer black phosphorus, ACS Nano 9(8), 8070 (2015)

[170] M. Long, P. Wang, H. Fang, and W. Hu, Progress, challenges, and opportunities for 2D material based photodetectors, Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(19), 1803807 (2018)

[171] L. Britnell, R. M. Ribeiro, A. Eckmann, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, A. Mishchenko, Y. J. Kim, R. V. Gorbachev, T. Georgiou, S. V. Morozov, A. N. Grigorenko, A. K. Geim, C. Casiraghi, A. H. C. Neto, and K. S. Novoselov, Strong light-matter interactions in heterostructures of atomically thin films, Science 340(6138), 1311 (2013)

[172] S. Lan, S. Rodrigues, L. Kang, and W. Cai, Visualizing optical phase anisotropy in black phosphorus, ACS Photonics 3(7), 1176 (2016)

[173] J. Miao, L. Zhang, and C. Wang, Black phosphorus electronic and optoelectronic devices, 2D Mater. 6(3), 032003 (2019)

[174] M. Buscema, D. J. Groenendijk, S. I. Blanter, G. A. Steele, H. S. van der Zant, and A. Castellanos-Gomez, Fast and broadband photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus field-effect transistors, Nano Lett. 14(6), 3347 (2014)

[175] Y. Liu, B. N. Shivananju, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. Yu, S. Xiao, T. Sun, W. Ma, H. Mu, S. Lin, H. Zhang, Y. Lu, C. W. Qiu, S. Li, and Q. Bao, Highly efficient and air-stable infrared photodetector based on 2D layered grapheneblack phosphorus heterostructure, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(41), 36137 (2017)

[176] W. Huang, Y. Zhang, Q. You, P. Huang, Y. Wang, Z. N. Huang, Y. Ge, L. Wu, Z. Dong, X. Dai, Y. Xiang, J. Li, X. Zhang, and H. Zhang, Enhanced photodetection properties of tellurium@selenium roll-to-roll nanotube heterojunctions, Small 15(23), e1900902 (2019)

[177] M. Amani, C. Tan, G. Zhang, C. Zhao, J. Bullock, X. Song, H. Kim, V. R. Shrestha, Y. Gao, K. B. Crozier, M. Scott, and A. Javey, Solution-synthesized high-mobility tellurium nanoflakes for short-wave infrared photodetectors, ACS Nano 12(7), 7253 (2018)

[178] S. Fu, J. Li, S. Zhang, Z. Bai, T. Wu, and Z. Man, Largeenergy mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on indium selenide as a modulator, Opt. Mater. Express 9(6), 2662 (2019)

[179] B. Deng, R. Frisenda, C. Li, X. Chen, A. Castellanos- Gomez, and F. Xia, Progress on black phosphorus photonics, Adv. Opt. Mater. 6(19), 1800365 (2018)

[180] Y. Wang, F. Zhang, X. Tang, X. Chen, Y. Chen, W. Huang, Z. Liang, L. Wu, Y. Ge, Y. Song, J. Liu, D. Zhang, J. Li, and H. Zhang, All-optical phosphorene phase modulator with enhanced stability under ambient conditions, Laser Photon. Rev. 12(6), 1800016 (2018)

[181] C. Lin, R. Grassi, T. Low, and A. S. Helmy, Multilayer black phosphorus as a versatile mid-infrared electro-optic material, Nano Lett. 16(3), 1683 (2016)

[182] M. Xie, S. Zhang, B. Cai, Y. Huang, Y. Zou, B. Guo, Y. Gu, and H. Zeng, A promising two-dimensional solar cell donor: Black arsenic–phosphorus monolayer with 1.54 eV direct bandgap and mobility exceeding 14,000 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹, Nano Energy 28, 433 (2016)

[183] X. H. Yu, K. X. Du, and P. Z. Yang, Preparation of low-dimensional black phosphorus and its application in solar cell, Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 56(14), 14001 (2019)

[184] W. Cheng, N. Singh, W. Elliott, J. Lee, A. Rassoolkhani, X. Jin, E. W. McFarland, and S. Mubeen, Earthabundant tin sulfide-based photocathodes for solar hydrogen production, Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 5(1), 1700362 (2018)

[185] M. Batmunkh, M. Bat-Erdene, and J. G. Shapter, Black phosphorus: Synthesis and application for solar cells, Adv. Energy Mater. 8(5), 1701832 (2018)

[186] A. G. Ricciardulli and P. W. M. Blom, Solutionprocessable 2D materials applied in light-emitting diodes and solar cells, Adv. Mater. Technol. 5(8), 1900972 (2020)

[187] Y. Yang, J. Gao, Z. Zhang, S. Xiao, H. H. Xie, Z. B. Sun, J. H. Wang, C. H. Zhou, Y. W. Wang, X. Y. Guo, P. K. Chu, and X. F. Yu, Black phosphorus based photocathodes in wideband bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells, Adv. Mater. 28(40), 8937 (2016)

[188] J. Song, J. Wang, X. Lin, J. He, H. Liu, Y. Lei, and Z. Chu, Black phosphorus/TiO2 composite photoanode with enhanced photoelectrical performance, ChemElectroChem 4(9), 2373 (2017)

[189] L. Li, L. Chen, S. Mukherjee, J. Gao, H. Sun, Z. Liu, X. Ma, T. Gupta, C. V. Singh, W. Ren, H. M. Cheng, and N. Koratkar, Phosphorene as a polysulfide immobilizer and catalyst in high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries, Adv. Mater. 29(2), 1602734 (2017)

[190] W. Tao, X. Zhu, X. Yu, X. Zeng, Q. Xiao, X. Zhang, X. Ji, X. Wang, J. Shi, H. Zhang, and L. Mei, Black phosphorus nanosheets as a robust delivery platform for cancer theranostics, Adv. Mater. 29(1), 1603276 (2017)

[191] J. Ouyang, R. Y. Liu, W. Chen, Z. Liu, Q. Xu, K. Zeng, L. Deng, L. Shen, and Y. N. Liu, A black phosphorus based synergistic antibacterial platform against drug resistant bacteria, J. Mater. Chem. B 6(39), 6302 (2018)

[192] M. Wen, J. Wang, R. Tong, D. Liu, H. Huang, Y. Yu, Z. K. Zhou, P. K. Chu, and X. F. Yu, A low-cost metalfree photocatalyst based on black phosphorus, Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 6(1), 1801321 (2019)

[193] T. Xue, W. Liang, Y. Li, Y. Sun, Y. Xiang, Y. Zhang, Z. Dai, Y. Duo, L. Wu, K. Qi, B. N. Shivananju, L. Zhang, X. Cui, H. Zhang, and Q. Bao, Ultrasensitive detection of miRNA with an antimonene-based surface plasmon resonance sensor, Nat. Commun. 10(1), 28 (2019)

[194] R. Quhe, X. Peng, Y. Pan, M. Ye, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, S. Feng, Q. Zhang, J. Shi, J. Yang, D. Yu, M. Lei, and J. Lu, Can a black phosphorus Schottky barrier transistor be good enough? ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(4), 3959 (2017)

[195] W. Zhou, J. Chen, P. Bai, S. Guo, S. Zhang, X. Song, L. Tao, and H. Zeng, Two-dimensional pnictogen for fieldeffect transistors, Research (Wash. D. C.) 2019, 1046329 (2019)

[196] Y. Wang, M. He, S. Ma, C. Yang, M. Yu, G. Yin, and P. Zuo, Low-temperature solution synthesis of black phosphorus from red phosphorus: Crystallization mechanism and lithium ion battery applications, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11(7), 2708 (2020)

[197] L. Kou, C. Chen, and S. C. Smith, Phosphorene: Fabrication, properties, and applications, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6(14), 2794 (2015)

[198] M. R. Benzigar, V. D. B. C. Dasireddy, X. Guan, T. Wu, and G. Liu, Advances on emerging materials for flexible supercapacitors: Current trends and beyond, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(40), 2002993 (2020)

[199] J. Zhu, G. Xiao, and X. Zuo, Two-dimensional black phosphorus: An emerging anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Nano-Micro Lett. 12(1), 120 (2020)

[200] T. Zhou, W. Pang, C. Zhang, J. Yang, Z. Chen, H. Liu, and Z. Guo, Enhanced sodium-ion battery performance by structural phase transition from two-dimensional hexagonal-SnS2 to orthorhombic-SnS, ACS Nano 8(8), 8323 (2014)

[201] J. Choi, N. R. Kim, K. Lim, K. Ku, H. J. Yoon, J. G. Kang, K. Kang, P. V. Braun, H. J. Jin, and Y. S. Yun, Tin sulfide-based nanohybrid for high-performance anode of sodium-ion batteries, Small 13(30), 1700767 (2017)

[202] X. Mei, T. Hu, Y. Wang, X. Weng, R. Liang, and M. Wei, Recent advancements in two-dimensional nanomaterials for drug delivery, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 12(2), e1596 (2020)

[203] M. Qiu, A. Singh, D. Wang, J. Qu, M. Swihart, H. Zhang, and P. N. Prasad, Biocompatible and biodegradable inorganic nanostructures for nanomedicine: Silicon and black phosphorus, Nano Today 25, 135 (2019)

[204] L. Cheng, X. Wang, F. Gong, T. Liu, and Z. Liu, 2D nanomaterials for cancer theranostic applications, Adv. Mater. 32(13), 1902333 (2020)

[205] N. M. Latiff, W. Z. Teo, Z. Sofer, A. C. Fisher, and M. Pumera, The cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus, Chemistry 21(40), 13991 (2015)

[206] A. Naskar, S. Kim, and K. Kim, A nontoxic biocompatible nanocomposite comprising black phosphorus with Au–γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, RSC Advances 10(27), 16162 (2020)

[207] T. Fan, Y. Zhou, M. Qiu, and H. Zhang, Black phosphorus: A novel nanoplatform with potential in the field of bio-photonic nanomedicine, J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 11(06), 1830003 (2018)

[208] M. Zhu, Y. Osakada, S. Kim, M. Fujitsuka, and T. Majima, Black phosphorus: A promising two dimensional visible and near-infrared-activated photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution, Appl. Catal. B 217, 285 (2017)

[209] Y. Zheng, Y. Chen, B. Gao, B. Lin, and X. Wang, Black phosphorus and carbon nitride hybrid photocatalysts for photoredox reactions, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(30), 2002021 (2020)

[210] N. Li, Z. Z. Kong, X. Z. Chen, and Y. F. Yang, Research progress of novel two-dimensional materials in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, J. Inorg. Mater. 35(7), 735 (2019)

[211] A. Yang, D. Wang, X. Wang, D. Zhang, N. Koratkar, and M. Rong, Recent advances in phosphorene as a sensing material, Nano Today 20, 13 (2018)

[212] R. N. Pedrosa, R. G. Amorim, and W. L. Scopel, Embedded carbon nanowire in black phosphorene and C-doping: The rule to control electronic properties, Nanotechnology 31(27), 275201 (2020)

[213] S. Xiao, H. Wang, Y. Qin, X. Li, H. Xin, G. Wang, L. Hu, Y. Wang, Y. Li, W. Qi, and J. He, Nonlinear optical modulation of MoS₂/black phosphorus/MoS₂ at 1550 nm, Physica B 594, 412364 (2020)

[214] R. Zhao, J. Li, B. Zhang, X. Li, X. Su, Y. Wang, F. Lou, H. Zhang, and J. He, Triwavelength synchronously modelocked fiber laser based on few-layered black phosphorus, Appl. Phys. Express 9(9), 092701 (2016)

[215] X. Jin, G. Hu, M. Zhang, T. Albrow-Owen, Z. Zheng, and T. Hasan, Environmentally stable black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultrafast laser, Nanophotonics 9(8), 2445 (2020)

[216] T. Wang, X. Jin, J. Yang, J. Wu, Q. Yu, Z. Pan, X. Shi, Y. Xu, H. Wu, J. Wang, T. He, K. Zhang, and P. Zhou, Oxidation-resistant black phosphorus enable highly ambient-stable ultrafast pulse generation at a 2 μm Tm/Ho-doped fiber laser, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11(40), 36854 (2019)

[217] J. Y. Lee, J. H. Shin, G.H. Lee, and C.H. Lee, Twodimensional semiconductor optoelectronics based on van der Waals heterostructures, Nanomaterials (Basel) 6(11), 193 (2016)

[218] B. Yan, G. Li, B. Shi, J. Liu, H. Nie, K. Yang, B. Zhang, and J. He, 2D tellurene/black phosphorus heterojunctions based broadband nonlinear saturable absorber, Nanophotonics 9(8), 2593 (2020)

[219] F. Lou, B. Zhang, S. Sun, C. Hu, Z. Lin, J. Jiang, S. Zhang, X. Wang, B. Teng, and J. He, Black phosphorus mode-locked sub-100 fs bulk laser based on heterostructured Yb composite crystal, Appl. Phys. Express 11(1), 012601 (2018)

[220] Q. Liu, X. Wang, J. Wang, and X. Huang, Spatially controlled two-dimensional heterostructures via solutionphase growth, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sinica 35(10), 1099 (2019)

[221] H. Yuan and Z. Li, Interfacial properties of black phosphorus/ transition metal carbide van der Waals heterostructures, Front. Phys. 13(3), 138103 (2018)

[222] Y. Song, K. You, J. Zhao, D. Huang, Y. Chen, C. Xing, and H. Zhang, A nano-lateral heterojunction of seleniumcoated tellurium for infrared-band soliton fiber lasers, Nanoscale 12(28), 25933 (2020)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2021 Higher Education Press