Frontier applications of electrostatic accelerators

Abstract

Electrostatic accelerator is a powerful tool in many research fields, such as nuclear physics, radiation biology, material science, archaeology and earth sciences. Two electrostatic accelerators, one is the single stage Van de Graaff with terminal voltage of 4.5 MV and another one is the EN tandem with terminal voltage of 6 MV, were installed in 1980s and had been put into operation since the early 1990s at the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics. Many applications have been carried out since then. These two accelerators are described and summaries of the most important applications on neutron physics and technology, radiation biology and material science, as well as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) are presented.

Keywords

electrostatic accelerator / application / neutron / radiation biology / material science / accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)

References

[1] J. E. Chen and Y. X. Zhang, Design of 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator, Proceeding of the first Japan-China Joint Symposium on Particle Accelerators and their Applications in Nuclear Research and Industry, University of Tokyo, Japan, 1980: 19

[2] J. E. Chen, Y. X. Zhang, J. Y. Wang, , Progress and application of the 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator, Proceeding of the fifth Japan-China Joint Symposium on Particle Accelerators and their Applications in Nuclear Research and Industry, University of Osaka, Japan,1993: 174

[3] L. H. Gong, , The 4.5 MV single stage electrostatic accelerator, Modern Scientific Instruments, 1995 (2): 9

[4] J. Q. Lu and S. W. Quan, Beam pulsing system for the 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 1995, 346: 31

[5] J. Y. Wang, L. H. Gong, X. J. Yang, , Operation and improvement of the 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator at Peking University, Atomic Science and Technology, 2008, 42(Suppl.): 239

[6] A. E. Litherland and K. Allen, Oxford, Beijing and AMS, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2000, 172(1-4): 721

[7] J. E. Chen, Z. Y. Guo, S. Q. Yan, , Status of the tandem accelerator mass spectrometry at Peking University, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 1990, 52: 306

[8] J. X. Yu, R. X.Li, L. H. Gong, , The operation and improvements of the EN tandem at Peking University, Nucl. Technol., 1992, 15(6): 335

[9] J. E. Chen, Z. Y. Guo, S. Q. Yan, R. Li, M. Xiao, K. Li, H. Liu, K. Liu, J. Wang, B. Li, X. Lu, S. Yuan, T. Chen, S. Gao, S. Zheng, C. Chen, and Y. Liu, Accelerator mass spectrometry at Peking University: Experiments and progress, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 1994, 92(1-4): 47

[10] L. H. Gong, Y. X. Shen, X. J. Yang, , The control and monitor system of EN tandem at Peking University, Nucl. Technol., 1993, 16(9): 561

[11] K. X. Liu, Z. Y. Guo, X. Y. Lu, , Improvements of PKUAMS for precition ₁₄C analysis of the project of Xia-Shang-Zhou chronology, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2000, 172: 70

[12] K. X. Liu, Z. Zhu, L. H. Gong, , A new recirculation gas stripper for EN tandem, Nucl. Technol., 2007, 30(12): 1

[13] G. Zhang, J. Chen, G. Tang, , Measurement of differential and angle-integrated cross sections of the 6Li(n,t)4He reaction in the MeV neutron energy range, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 2006, 566(2): 615

[14] G. Zhang, L. Guo, R. Cao, J. Zhang, and J. Chen, Crosssection measurement for the ¹⁰B(n, α)7Li reaction at 4.0 and 5.0 MeV, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2008, 66(10): 1427

[15] G. H. Zhang, X. Liu, J. M. Liu, Z. H. Xue, H. Wu, and J. X. Chen, Measurement of cross sections for the ₁₀B(n, α)7Li reaction at 4.0 and 5.0 MeV using asymmetrical twin gridded ionization chamber, Chin. Phys. Lett., 2011, 28(8): 082801

[16] X. Zhang, Z. Chen, Y. Chen, J. Yuan, G. Tang, G. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. Gledenov, G.Khuukhenkhuu, and M. Sedysheva, Dispersion relations for (n,n), (n,p), and (n, α) reactions on ³⁹K and⁴⁰Ca, Phys. Rev. C, 2000, 61(5): 054607

[17] G. Zhang, J. Zhang, R. Cao, , Measurement of differential cross section for the 64Zn(n, α)⁶¹Ni reaction at 2.54, 4.00 and 5.50 MeV, Nucl. Sci. Eng., 2008, 160(1): 123

[18] G. Zhang, R. Cao, J. Chen, , Differential cross-section measurement for the ⁶⁴Zn(n, α)₆₁Ni reaction at 5.03 and 5.95 MeV, Nucl. Sci. Eng., 2007, 156(1): 115

[19] G. Tang, G. H. Zhang, J. X. Chen, , Tests of the GIC and Measurement of Angular Distribution and Energy Spectra for ⁵⁸Ni(n, p)⁵⁸Co at 4.1 MeV, INDC(CPR)-043/L, 1997, 18: 1

[20] G. Y. Tang, J. H. Fan, J. X. Chen, . Measurement of Angular Distribution at 6.0-7.0 MeV for ⁵⁸Ni(n, α)⁵⁵Fe and ⁵⁴Fe(n, α)⁵¹Cr, INDC(CPR)-042/L, 1997, 17: 1

[21] G. Y. Tang, D. C. Qu, W. G. Zhong, , Cross section measurements for ⁴⁰Ca(n, α)³⁷Ar reaction, Chinese J. Nucl. Phys., 1993, 15(3): 239

[22] G. H. Zhang, H. Wu, J. G. Zhang, J. M. Liu, J. X. Chen,Yu. M. Gledenov, M. V. Sedysheva, G. Khuukhenkhuu, and P. J. Szalanski, Cross-section measurement for the ⁶⁷Zn(n, α)⁶⁴Ni reaction at 6.0MeV, Eur. Phys. J. A, 2010, 43(1): 1

[23] G. H. Zhang,Yu. M. Gledenov, G. Khuukhenkhuu, M. V. Sedysheva, P. J. Szalanski, J. Liu, H. Wu, X. Liu, J. Chen, and V. A. Stolupin, Cross sections of the ⁶⁷Zn(n, α)⁶⁴Ni reaction at 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 MeV, Phys. Rev. C, 2010, 82(5): 054619

[24] G. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Guo, H. Wu, J. Chen, G. Tang, Y. M. Gledenov, M. V. Sedysheva, G. Khuukhenkhuu, and P. J. Szalanski, Measurement of cross sections for the ¹⁴⁷Sm(n, α)¹⁴⁴Nd reaction at 5.0 and 6.0 MeV, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2009, 67(1): 46

[25] Yu. M. Gledenov, M. V. Sedysheva, V. A. Stolupin, G H. Zhang, J. G. Zhang, H. Wu, J. Liu, J. Chen, G. Khuukhenkhuu, P. E. Koehler, and P. J. Szalanski, Cross sections of the ¹⁴⁷Nd(n, α)¹⁴⁰Ce and ¹⁴⁷Sm(n, α)₁₄₄Nd reactions in the MeV neutron energy region, Phys. Rev. C, 2009, 80(4): 044602

[26] G. H. Zhang, H. Wu, J. G. Zhang, J. M. Liu, Y. X. Yin, J. X. Chen, Y. M. Gledenov, M. V.Sedysheva, G. Khuukhenkhuu, P. E. Koehler, and P. J. Szalanski, Cross section measurement for the ⁹⁵Mo(n, α)⁹²Zr reaction at 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 MeV, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2010, 68(1): 180

[27] Yu. M. Gledenov, G. H. Zhang, G. Khuukhenkhuu, M. V. Sedysheva, P. J. Szalanski, P. E. Koehler, J. M. Liu, H. Wu, X. Liu, and J. X. Chen, Cross-section measurement and analysis for the ¹⁴⁹Sm(n, α)¹⁴⁶Nd reaction at 6.0 MeV, Phys. Rev. C, 2010, 82(1): 014601

[28] G. H. Zhang, Y. M. Gledenov, G. Khuukhenkhuu, M. V. Sedysheva, P. J. Szalanski, P. E.Koehler, Y. N. Voronov, J. M. Liu, X. Liu, J. Han, and J. Chen, 149Sm(n, α)¹⁴⁶Nd cross sections in the MeV region, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2011, 107(25): 252502

[29] P. Zhu, Z. Yuan, J. Chen, Z. Liu, G. Zhang, Z. Shi, and H. Lu, Measurement of neutron capture cross sections for ₁₄₁Pr from 0.5 to 1.6 MeV, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2007, 65(12): 1314

[30] J. X. Chen, Z. M. Shi, G. Y. Tang, , Measurement of ⁶⁴Zn(n, γ)⁶⁵Zn cross sections, Chinese J. Nucl. Phys.s, 1995, 17(4): 342 (J)

[31] J. X. Chen, Z. M. Shi, G. Y.Tang, , Measurement of neutron capture cross section for ¹⁸⁰Hf, Chinese J. Nucl. Phys., 1997, 19(2): 110

[32] J. X. Chen, Z. M. Shi, G. Y. Tang, , Measurement of fast-neutron capture cross sections for ¹⁵⁹Tb and ¹⁶⁹Tm, Nucl. Sci. Tech., 1998, 9(3): 138

[33] G. H. Zhang, Z. M. Shi, G. Y. Tang, , Interference of the low-energy neutrons on activation cross section measurement of the ¹⁸⁶W(n, γ)¹⁸⁷Wreaction, Nucl. Sci. Eng., 2001, 137(1): 107 (J)

[34] G. H. Zhang, Z. M.Shi, G. Y. Tang, , Measurement of fast-neutron capture cross sections for ⁷⁵As, Nucl. Sci. Tech., 2001, 12(3): 161

[35] Q. L. Ni, X.G. Wang, C. Zhang, and T. S. Fan, A full-f calculation of spontaneous toroidal rotation in H-mode plasma, Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion, 2012, 53(8)

[36] Q. L. Ni, T. S. Fan, X. Zhang, C. Zhang, Q. L. Ren, and C. D. Hu, Predictive calculation of neutral beam heating plasmas in EAST tokamak by NUBEAM code for certain parameter ranges, Plasma Science Tech., 2010, 12(6): 661

[37] Z. J. Chen, T. S. Fan, C. Zhang, C. D. Hu, and X. G. Wang, Simulation of EAST off-axis neutral beam heating and current drive, Fusion Eng. Design, 2012, 87: 325

[38] Z. Chen, M. Nocente, M. Tardocchi, T. Fan, and G. Gorini, Simulation of neutron emission spectra from neutral beamheated plasmas in the EAST tokamak, Nucl. Fusion, 2013, 53(6): 063023

[39] X. F. Xie, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, T. S. Fan, J. X. Chen, and X. Q. Li, Investigation of the influence of a ninner gas bubble on the response of a liquid scintillation detectorto g-rays and neutrons, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 2013, 721: 10

[40] X. Zhang, X. Yuan, X. F. Xie, Z. J. Chen, X. Y. Peng, J. X. Chen, G. H. Zhang, X. Q. Li, T. S. Fan, G. Q. Zhong, L. Q. Hu, and B. N. Wan, A compact stilbene crystal neutron spectrometer for EAST D-D plasma neutron diagnostics, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2013, 84(3): 033506

[41] X. F. Xie, X. Zhang, X. Yuan, J. X. Chen, X. Q.Li, G. H. Zhang, T. S. Fan, G. L. Yuan, J. W. Yang, and Q. W. Yang, Digital discrimination of neutrons and gamma-rays in organic scintillation detectors using moment analysis, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2012, 83(9): 093507

[42] X. Zhang, X.Yuan, X. F. Xie, Z. J. Chen, J. X. Chen, T. S. Fan, G. L. Yuan, J. W. Yang, and Q. Q. Yang, A digital delay-line-shaping methods for pulse shape discrimination in stilbene neutron detector and application to fusion neutron measurement at HL-2A tokamak, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 2012, 687: 7

[43] X. Zhang, X. Yuan, X. Xie, T. Fan, J. Chen, and X. Li, The design and optimization of a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer with double scintillators for neutron diagnostics on EAST, Plasma Science Tech., 2012, 14(7): 675

[44] X. Xie, X. Yuan, X. Zhang, T. Fan, J. Chen, and X. Li, Calibration and unfolding of the pulse height spectra of liquid scintillator-based neutron detectors using photon sources, Plasma Science Tech., 2012, 14(6): 553

[45] X. Yuan, X. Zhang, X. Xie, G. Gorini, Z. Chen, X. Peng, J. Chen, G. Zhang, T. Fan, G. Zhong, L. Hu, and B. N. Wan, Neutron energy spectrum measurements with a compact liquid scintillation detector on EAST, J. Instrumentation, 2013, 8: P07016

[46] H. Qin, J. Xue, F. He, J. Lai, W. Zhang, J. Wang, S. Yan, W. Zhao, H. Gu, and Y. Wang, Biological effect of the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana irradiated by MeV protons, Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids: Incorporating Plasma Science and Plasma Technology, 2006, 160(3-4): 131

[47] H. L. Qin, Y. G. Wang, J. M. Xue, Q. Miao, L. Ma, T. Mei, W. M. Zhang, W. Guo, J. Y. Wang, and H. Y. Gu, Biological effects of protons targeted to different ranges in Arabidopsis seeds, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2007, 83(5): 301

[48] G. Yang, T. Mei, H. Yuan, W. Zhang, L. Chen, J. Xue, L. Wu, and Y. Wang, Bystander/abscopal effects induced in intact Arabidopsis seeds by low-energy heavy-ion radiation, Radiat. Res., 2008, 170(3): 372

[49] T. Mei, G. Yang, Y. Quan, W. Wang, W. Zhang, J. Xue, L. Wu, H. Gu, G. Schettino, and Y. Wang, Oxidative metabolism involved in non-targeted effects induced by proton radiation in intact Arabidopsis seeds, J. Radiat. Res., 2011, 52(2): 159

[50] J. Wu, Q. Fu, Y. Quan, W. Wang, T. Mei, J. Li, G. Yang, X. Ren, J. Xue, and Y. Wang, Repair rates of DNA doublestrand breaks under different doses of proton and g-ray irradiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2012, 276: 1

[51] G. Yang, Y. Quan, W. Wang, Q. Fu, J. Wu, T. Mei, J. Li, Y. Tang, C. Luo, Q. Ouyang, S. Chen, L. Wu, T. K. Hei, and Y. Wang, Dynamic equilibrium between cancer stem cells and non-stem cancer cells in human SW620 and MCF-7 cancer cell populations, Br. J. Cancer, 2012, 106(9): 1512

[52] Q. Fu, Y. Quan, W. Wang, T. Mei, J. Wu, J. Li, G. Yang, X. Ren, J. Xue, and Y. Wang, Response of cancer stem-like cells and non-stem cancer cells to proton and g-ray irradiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2012, 286: 346

[53] Y. Quan, W. Wang, Q. Fu, T. Mei, J. Wu, J. Li, G. Yang, and Y. Wang, Accumulation efficiency of cancer stem-like cells post g-ray and proton irradiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2012, 286: 341

[54] W. Zhang, J. Li, L. Cao, Y. Wang, W. Guo, K. Liu, and J. Xue, Fabrication of nanoporous silicon dioxide/silicon nitride membranes using etched ion track technique, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2008, 266(12-13): 3166

[55] W. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Li, M. Xu, H. Ji, Q. Ouyang, J. Xu, and Y. Zhang, Controllable shrinking and shaping of silicon nitride nanopores under electron irradiation, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90(16): 163102

[56] Y. Zhang, X. Qian, X. Wang, S. Liu, C. Wang, T. Li, Z. Zhao, and D. Lu, Mechanical and Raman spectroscopic studies of multi-ion-beam irradiated 12, 18Cr-oxide dispersion strengthened steels, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2013, 297: 35

[57] X. Wang, Y. Zhang, S. Liu, C. Wang, and Z. Zhao, Optical and structural properties of 6H-SiC irradiated by Si3t n Het coimplantation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 2012, 289: 47

[58] Z. Guo, K. Liu, X. Lu, , The use of AMS radiocarbon dating for Xia-Shang-Zhou chronology, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B, 2004, 223-224: 168

[59] Z. Guo, K. Liu, S. Yuan, , AMS radiocarbon dating of Fengxi site in Shaanxi, China, Radiocarbon, 2005, 47(2): 221

[60] K. Liu, B. Han, Z. Guo, , AMS Radiocarbon dating of bone samples from Xinzhai site in China, Radiocarbon, 2005, 47(1): 221

[61] K. X. Liu, H. L. Gao, L. P. Zhou, F. Xu, S. X. Peng, J. L. Yuan, and Z. Y. Guo, AMS mearsurements of 10Be concentration in Chinese loess using PKUAMS, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B, 2004, 223-224: 168

[62] X. S. Li, F. Wang, J. Y. Shi, , Genotoxicity study on nicotine and nicotine-derived nrator mass spectrometry, Radiocarbon, 1996, 38(2): 347

[63] Y. Cheng, H. L. Li, H. F. Wang, H. F. Sun, Y. F. Liu, S. X. Peng, K. X. Liu, and Z. Y. Guo, Inhibition of nicotine-DNA adduct formation in mice by six dietary constituents, Food Chem. Toxicol., 2003, 41(7): 1045

[64] Q. Xie, Y. Liu, H. F. Sun, , Inhibition of acrylamide toxicity in mice by three dietary constituents, Toxicol. Lett., 2006, 163: 101

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg