TeV astronomy

Abstract

With the successful realization of the current-generation of ground-based detectors, TeV Astronomy has entered into a new era. We review recent advances in VHE astronomy, focusing on the potential of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), and highlight astrophysical implications of the results obtained within recent years.

Keywords

TeV astronomy / gamma-rays / Cherenkov telescopes / high-energy astrophysics

References

[1] F. Aharonian, J. Buckley, T. Kifune, and G. Sinnis, Rep. Prog. Phys., 2008, 71(9): 096901

[2] J. A. Hinton and W. Hofmann, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 2009, 47(1): 523

[3] A. U. Abeysekara, . [HAWC Collaboration], Astropart. Phys., 2012, 35: 641

[4] M. Actis, . [CTA Consortium], Exp. Astron., 2011, 32: 193

[5] A. V. Plyasheshnikov, F. A. Aharonian, and H. J. Völk, J. Phys. G, 2000, 26(2): 183

[6] F. A. Aharonian, A. K. Konopelko, H. J. Völk, and H. Quintana, Astropart. Phys., 2001, 15(4): 335

[7] L. O. C. Drury, Rep. Prog. Phys., 1983, 46: 973

[8] R. Blandford and D. Eichler, Phys. Rep., 1987, 1154(1): 1

[9] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2007, 747: 937

[10] V. A. Acciari, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 714: 163

[11] F. A. Aharonian, . [HEGRA Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2001, 370: 112

[12] V. A. Acciari, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 730: L20

[13] F. Acero, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2010, 516: A62

[14] R. Enomoto, . [Cangaroo Collaboration], Nature, 2002, 416: 823

[15] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Nature, 2004, 432: 75

[16] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2005, 437: L7

[17] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2009, 692: 1500

[18] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2011, 531: A81

[19] W. W. Tian, Z. Li, D. A. Leahy, J. Yang, X. J. Yang, R. Yamazaki, and D. Lu, Astrophys. J., 2010, 712(2): 790

[20] W. W. Tian, D. A. Leahy, M. Haverkorn, and B. Jiang, Astrophys. J., 2008, 679(2): L85

[21] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2008, 484: 435

[22] F. Acero, . [for the CTA Collaboration], Astropart. Phys., 2013, 43: 276, arXiv: 1209.0582

[23] F. A. Aharonian, Very High Energy Cosmic Gamma Radiation: A Crucial Window on the Extreme Universe, World Scientific Publishing, 2004

[24] M. A. Malkov and L. O. C. Drury, Rep. Prog. Phys., 2001, 64(4): 429

[25] Y. Uchiyama, F. A. Aharonian, T. Tanaka, T. Takahashi, and Y. Maeda, Nature, 2007, 449(7162): 576

[26] J. Vink and M. Laming, Astrophys. J., 2003, 584(2): 758

[27] V. N. Zirakashvili and F. A. Aharonian, Astron. Astrophys., 2007, 465(3): 695

[28] V. N. Zirakashvili and F. A. Aharonian, Astrophys. J., 2010, 708(2): 965

[29] T. Tanaka, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 740: L51

[30] F. Giordano, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 744: L2

[31] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 734: 28

[32] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 710: L2

[33] T. Inoue, R. Yamazaki, S. Inutsuka, and Y. Fukui, Astrophys. J., 2012, 744(1): 71

[34] Y. Uchiyama, R. D. Blandford, S. Funk, H. Tajima, and T. Tanaka, Astrophys. J., 2010, 723(1): L122

[35] A. M. Atoyan, , Astron. Astrophys., 2000, 355: 211

[36] A. M. Atoyan and C. Dermer, Astrophys. J., 2012, 749(2): L26

[37] H. Völk, E. G. Berezhko, and L. T. Ksenofontov, Astron. Astrophys., 2008, 483(2): 529

[38] T. Tanaka, Y. Uchiyama, F. A. Aharonian, T. Takahashi, A. Bamba, J. S. Hiraga, J. Kataoka, T. Kishishita, M. Kokubun, K. Mori, K. Nakazawa, R. Petre, H. Tajima, and S. Watanabe, Astrophys. J., 2008, 685(2): 988

[39] B. Katz and E. Waxman, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys., 2008, 1(01): 18

[40] D. C. Ellison, D. J. Patnaude, P. Slane, and J. Raymond, Astrophys. J., 2010, 712(1): 287

[41] J. Aleksić, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 541: 11

[42] A. Fiasson, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Proceedings of the 31st ICRC, ’Lodz, 2009

[43] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2008, 481: 401

[44] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2007, 664: L87

[45] V. A. Acciari, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2009, 698: L113

[46] M. Tavani, . [AGILE Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 710: L151

[47] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 712: 459

[48] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl., 2010, 187: 460

[49] A. G. Muslimov and A. K. Harding, Astrophys. J., 2003, 588(1): 430

[50] A. G. Muslimov and A. K. Harding, Astrophys. J., 2004, 606(2): 1143

[51] K. S. Cheng, , Astrophys. J., 2000, 537: 965

[52] S. S. Komissarov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2002, 336(3): 759

[53] J. G. Kirk, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92: 18

[54] R. Bühler, , Astrophys. J., 2012, 749: 26

[55] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 708: 1254

[56] E. Aliu, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Science, 2008, 322: 1221

[57] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 540: 69

[58] E. Aliu, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Science, 2011, 334: 69

[59] J. Takata, , Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2006, 366: 1310

[60] F. A. Aharonian, S. Bogovalov, and D. Khangulyan, Nature, 2012, 482(7386): 507

[61] E. de Oña Wilhelmi, . [CTA Collaboration], Astropart. Phys., 2013, 43: 287, arXiv: 1209.0357

[62] B. M. Gaensler and P. O. Slane, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 2006, 44(1): 17

[63] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 545: L2

[64] F. A. Aharonian, . [HEGRA Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2004, 641: 897

[65] T. C. Weekes, M. F. Cawley, D. J. Fegan, K. G. Gibbs, A. M. Hillas, P. W. Kowk, R. C. Lamb, D. A. Lewis, D. Macomb, N. A. Porter, P. T. Reynolds, and G. Vacanti, Astrophys. J., 1989, 342: 379

[66] C. F. Kennel and F. V. Coroniti, Astrophys. J., 1984, 283: 694

[67] S. V. Bogovalov, V. M. Chechetkin, A. V. Koldoba, and G. V. Ustyugova, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2005, 358(3): 705

[68] D. Volpi, L. Del Zanna, E. Amato, and N. Bucciantini, Astron. Astrophys., 2008, 485(2): 337

[69] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2008, 674: 1037

[70] T. Tanimori, . [CANGAROO Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 1998, 497: L25

[71] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2006, 457: 899

[72] M. Tavani, . [AGILE Collaboration], Science, 2011, 331: 736

[73] S. S. Komissarov and Y. E. Lyubarsky, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2004, 349(3): 779

[74] M. Lyutikov, , Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2012, 422: 3118

[75] W. Bednarek and W. Idec, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2011, 414(3): 2229

[76] A. P. Lobanov, D. Horns, and T. W. B. Muxlow, Astron. Astrophys., 2011, 533: A10

[77] Q. Yuan, P. F. Yin, X. F. Wu, X. J. Bi, S. Liu, and B. Zhang, Astrophys. J., 2011, 730(2): L15

[78] F. A. Aharonian, A. M. Atoyan, and T. Kifune, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 1997, 291(1): 162

[79] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2008, 675: L28

[80] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2005, 435: L17

[81] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 548: 38

[82] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2006, 460: 365

[83] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 548: 46

[84] J. M. Blondin, R. A. Chevalier, and D. M. Frierson, Astrophys. J., 2001, 563(2): 806

[85] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2005, 432: L25

[86] A. Djannati-Atai, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Proc. 30th ICRC, Merida, 2007

[87] F. Acero, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Proc. 32nd ICRC, Beijing, 2011, arXiv: 1201.0481

[88] P. Hofverberg, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Proc. 32nd ICRC, Beijing, 2011, arXiv: 1112.2901

[89] W. Bednarek, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2006, 368(2): 579

[90] D. Khangulyan, F. Aharonian, and V. Bosch-Ramon, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2008, 383(2): 467

[91] A. Sierpowska-Bartosik and D. F. Torres, Astrophys. J., 2008, 30(5): 239

[92] G. Dubus, Astron. Astrophys., 2006, 451(1): 9

[93] D. Khangulyan, F. A. Aharonian, S. V. Bogovalov, A. V. Koldoba, and G. V. Ustyugova, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 2008, 17(10): 1909

[94] M. Tavani and J. Arons, Astrophys. J., 1997, 477(1): 439

[95] J. G. Kirk, L. Ball, and O. Skjaraasen, Astropart. Phys., 1999, 10(1): 31

[96] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2005, 442: 1

[97] G. Maier, . [VERITAS and H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Proc. 32nd ICRC, Beijing, 2011, arXiv: 1111.2155

[98] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 754L: 10A

[99] F. A. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Science, 2005, 309: 746

[100] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Science, 2006, 312: 1771

[101] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2009, 693: 1

[102] V. A. Acciari, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2008, 679(2): 1427

[103] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 541: A5

[104] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2007, 665: L51

[105] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 736: L11

[106] P. H.T. Tam, R. H. H. Huang, J. Takata, C. Y. Hui, A. K. H. Kong, and K. S. Cheng, Astrophys. J., 2011, 736(1): L10

[107] D. Khangulyan, F. A. Aharonian, S. V. Bogovalov, and M. Ribó, Astrophys. J., 2012, 752(1): L17

[108] S. D. Bongiorno, A. D. Falcone, M. Stroh, J. Holder, J. L. Skilton, J. A. Hinton, N. Gehrels, and J. Grube, Astrophys. J., 2011, 736(1): L11

[109] P. C. Gregory, Astrophys. J., 2002, 525(1): 427

[110] A. A. Zdziarski, A. Neronov, and M. Chernyakova, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2010, 403(4): 1873

[111] V. A. Acciari, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 738: 3

[112] R. A. Ong[VERITAS Collaboration], ATel., 2010, 2948

[113] D. Hadasch, . [Fermi Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 749: 1

[114] M. J. Coe, . [Fermi Collaboration], Science, 2012, 335: 6065

[115] M. Chernyakova, D. Malyshev, F. A. Aharonian, R. M. Crocker, and D. I. Jones, Astrophys. J., 2011, 726(2): 60

[116] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2009, 503: 817

[117] F. Aharonian and A. Neronov, Astrophys. J., 2005, 619(1): 306

[118] F. Aharonian and A. Neronov, Astrophys. Space Sci., 2005, 300(1-3): 255

[119] T. Linden, E. Lovegrove, and S. Profumo, Astrophys. J., 2012, 753(1): 41

[120] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2004, 425: L13

[121] F. Acero, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2010, 402: 1877

[122] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Nature, 2006, 439: 365

[123] M. Su, T. R. Slatyer, and D. P. Finkbeiner, Astrophys. J., 2010, 724(2): 1044

[124] R. M. Crocker and F. Aharonian, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2011, 106(10): 101102

[125] P. Mertsch and S. Sarkar, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2011, 107(9): 091101

[126] K. S. Cheng, D. O. Chernyshov, V. A. Dogiel, C. M. Ko, and W. H. Ip, Astrophys. J., 2011, 731(1): L17

[127] C. Lunardini and S. Razzaque, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012, 108(22): 221102

[128] K. S. Cheng, D. O. Chernyshov, V. A. Dogiel, C. M. Ko, W. H. Ip, and Y. Wang, Astrophys. J., 2012, 746(2): 116

[129] M. Ackermann, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 743: 171

[130] F. Aharonian, , Astron. Astrophys., 1999, 349: 11

[131] M. Tluczykont, . [for the H.E.S.S. Collaboration], POS(Texas2010), 2010, 197

[132] V. Acciari, E. Aliu, T. Arlen, T. Aune, , Astrophys. J., 2010, 715(1): L49

[133] G. Fossati, L. Maraschi, A. Celotti, A. Comastri, and G. Ghisellini, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 1998, 299(2): 433

[134] D. Donato, G. Ghisellini, G. Tagliaferri, and G. Fossati, Astron. Astrophys., 2001, 375(3): 739

[135] P. Giommi, P. Padovani, G. Polenta, S. Turriziani, V. D’Elia, and S. Piranomonte, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2012, 420(4): 2899

[136] M. Böttcher, in: Fermi meets Jansky, 2010, arXiv: 1006.5048

[137] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2007, 664: L71

[138] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2007, 664: 71

[139] E. Aliu, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Lett., 2009, 692: L29

[140] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 710: 634

[141] H. Krawczynski, S. B. Hughes, D. Horan, F. Aharonian, , Astrophys. J., 2004, 601(1): 151

[142] F. A. Aharonian, New Astron., 2000, 5(7): 377

[143] M. Barkov, F. A. Aharonian, S. V. Bogovalov, S. R. Kelner, and D. Khangulyan, Astrophys. J., 2012, 749(2): 119

[144] E. Aliu, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 750: 94

[145] P. Fortin, . [for the H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Proc. Of the 25th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, PoS(Texas2010), 199

[146] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astropart. Phys., 2011, 34: 738

[147] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Nature, 2006, 440: 1018

[148] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Science, 2008, 320: 1752

[149] A. M. Taylor, I. Vovk, and A. Neronov, Astron. Astrophys., 2011, 529: 144

[150] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2007, 475: L9

[151] M. Meyer, M. Raue, and D. Horns, Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 542: 59

[152] M. Ackermann, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Science, 2012, 338 (6111): 1190

[153] A. Neronov, D. Semikoz, and A. M. Taylor, Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 514: 31

[154] K. Katarzynski, , Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2007, 368: L52

[155] E. Lefa, F. M. Rieger, and F. A. Aharonian, Astrophys. J., 2011, 740(2): 64

[156] O. Zacharopoulou, , Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2011, 738: 157

[157] F. Aharonian, , arXiv: 1206.6715, 2012

[158] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Phys. Lett. B, 2008, 668: 253

[159] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 748: 46

[160] E. Massaro, P. Giommi, C. Leto, P. Marchegiani, A. Maselli, M. Perri, S. Piranomonte, and S. Sclavi, Astron. Astrophys., 2009, 495(2): 691

[161] P. L. Nolan, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Astrophysics JournalS, 2012, 199: 31

[162] A. Abdo, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 720: 912

[163] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Science, 2008, 5884: 1752

[164] Y. Becherini, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], AIP Conf. Proc., 2012, 1505: 490

[165] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2009, 695: L40

[166] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 719: 1433

[167] F. M. Rieger, Mem. S.A.It., 2012, 83: 127

[168] R. Z. Yang, N. Sahakyan, E. de Ona Wilhelmi, F. Aharonian, and F. Rieger, Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 542: A19

[169] F. Aharonian, . [HEGRA Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2003, 403: L1

[170] F. M. Rieger and F. Aharonian, Mod. Phys. Lett. A, 2012, 27(28): 12300301

[171] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Science, 2006, 314: 1424

[172] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2008, 685: L23

[173] E. Aliu, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 746: 141

[174] A. Abramowksi, , Astrophys. J., 2012, 746: 151

[175] V. A. Acciari, , Science, 2009, 325: 444

[176] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 723: 207

[177] T. A. Rector, J. T. Stocke, and E. S. Perlman, Astrophys. J., 1999, 516(1): 145

[178] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 539: 2

[179] A. M. Brown and J. Adams, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2011, 413(4): 2785

[180] M. Kadler, D. Eisenacher, E. Ros, K. Mannheim, D. Elsässer, and U. Bach, Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 538: L1

[181] F. Acero, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Science, 2009, 326: 1080

[182] A. Abramowksi, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 757: 158

[183] V. A. Acciari, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Nature, 2009, 462: 770

[184] A. R. Bell, Astropart. Phys., 2013, 43: 56

[185] P. Meszaros, AIP Conf. Proc., 2009, 1085: 38

[186] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2009, 495: 505

[187] V. Acciari, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 743: 62

[188] J. Albert, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2007, 667: 358

[189] A. Ackermann, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2011, 729: 114

[190] P. Blasi, S. Gabici, and G. Brunetti, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 2007, 22(04): 681

[191] A. M. Atoyan and H. J. Voelk, Astrophys. J., 2000, 535(1): 45

[192] V. Petrosian, A. Bykov, and Y. Raphaeli, Space Sci. Rev., 2008, 134(1-4): 191

[193] G. Vannoni, F. A. Aharonian, S. Gabici, S. R. Kelner, and A. Prosekin, Astron. Astrophys., 2011, 536: A56

[194] S. Inoue, F. A. Aharonian, and N. Sugiyama, Astrophys. J., 2005, 628(1): L9

[195] S. R. Kelner and F. A. Aharonian, Phys. Rev. D, 2008, 78(3): 034013

[196] A. Pinzke, C. Pfrommer, and L. Bergström, Phys. Rev. D, 2011, 84(12): 123509

[197] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 541: A99

[198] T. Arlen, . [VERITAS Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 757: 123

[199] F. Aharonian, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2009, 502: 437

[200] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 545: 103, arXiv: 1208.1370

[201] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2012, 750: 123

[202] F. M. Rieger, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 2011, 20(09): 1547

[203] G. Pedaletti, S. J. Wagner, and F. M. Rieger, Astrophys. J., 2011, 738(2): 142

[204] G. V. Kulikov and G. B. Kristiansen, J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 1958, 35: 441

[205] V. Hess, Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1912, 13: 1084

[206] V. L. Ginzburg and S. I. Syrovatskii, The Origin of Cosmic Rays, New York: Macmillan, 1964

[207] T. K. Gaisser, Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990

[208] V. S. Berezinskii, , Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays, edited by V. L. Ginzburg, Amsterdam, 1990

[209] L. O’ Drury, F. A. Aharonian, and H. J. Völk, Astron. Astrophys., 1994, 287: 959

[210] F. A. Aharonian, L. O. Drury, and H. J. Völk, Astron. Astrophys., 1994, 285: 654

[211] E. G. Berezhko and H. Völk, Astron. Astrophys., 2008, 492(3): 695

[212] G. Morlino, E. Amato, and P. Blasi, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2009, 392(1): 240

[213] S. Gabici, F. A. Aharonian, and S. Casanova, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2009, 396(3): 1629

[214] D. C. Ellison and A. M. Bykov, Astrophys. J., 2011, 731(2): 87

[215] S. Casanova, , Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn., 2010, 62: 765

[216] F. A. Aharonian and A. M. Atoyan, Astron. Astrophys., 1996, 309: 917

[217] E. Parizot, A. Marcowith, E. van der Swaluw, A. M. Bykov, and V. Tatischeff, Astron. Astrophys., 2004, 424(3): 747

[218] J. C. Higdon and R. E. Lingenfelter, Astrophys. J., 2005, 628(2): 738

[219] A. A. Bykov, D. C. Ellison, P. E. Gladilin, and S. M. Osipov, AIP Conf. Proc., 2012, 1505: 46

[220] A. Atoyan, J. Buckley, and H. Krawczynski, Astrophys. J., 2006, 642(2): L153

[221] O. Adriani, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, , Nature, 2009, 458(7238): 607

[222] O. Adriani, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, , Science, 2011, 332(6025): 69

[223] A. Neronov, D. V. Semikoz, and A. M. Taylor, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012, 108(5): 051105

[224] S. Gabici, , SF2A, 2010, arXiv: 1009.5291

[225] J. G. Kirk, Y. Lyubarsky, and J. Petri, ASSL, 2009, 357: 421

[226] J. Arons, ASSL, 2009, 357: 373

[227] B. Bucciantini, Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2012, 8: 120

[228] S. V. Bogovalov and F. A. Aharonian, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2000, 313(3): 504

[229] L. Ball and J. G. Kirk, Astropart. Phys., 2000, 12(4): 335

[230] C. F. Kennel and F. V. Coroniti, Astrophys. J., 1984, 283: 710

[231] V. S. Beskin and R. R. Rafikov, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2000, 313(3): 433

[232] M. Lemoine and G. Pelletier, AIP Conf. Proc., 2012, 1439: 194

[233] J. Petri and Y. Lyubarsky, Astron. Astrophys., 2007, 473(3): 683

[234] Y. Lyubarsky and M. Liverts, Astrophys. J., 2008, 682(2): 1436

[235] L. Sironi and A. Spitkovsky, Astrophys. J., 2011, 741(1): 39

[236] I. Arka and J. G. Kirk, Astrophys. J., 2012, 745(2): 108

[237] M. L. Lister, M. H. Cohen, D. C. Homan, M. Kadler, K. I. Kellermann, Y. Y. Kovalev, E. Ros, T. Savolainen, and J. A. Zensus, Astron. J., 2009, 138(6): 1874

[238] B. G. Piner, A. B. Pushkarev, Y. Y. Kovalev, C. J. Marvin, J. G. Arenson, P. Charlot, A. L. Fey, A. Collioud, and P. A. Voitsik, Astrophys. J., 2012, 758(2): 84

[239] B. G. Piner, N. Pant, and P. G. Edwards, Astrophys. J., 2010, 723(2): 1150

[240] M. Georganopoulos and D. Kazanas, Astrophys. J., 2003, 599(1): L5

[241] A. Levinson, Astrophys. J., 2007, 671(1): L29

[242] G. Ghisellini, F. Tavecchio, and M. Chiaberge, Astron. Astrophys., 2005, 432(2): 401

[243] F. M. Rieger and P. Duffy, Astrophys. J., 2004, 617(1): 155

[244] J. C. McKinney, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2006, 368(4): 1561

[245] O. Porth and C. Fendt, Astrophys. J., 2010, 709(2): 1100

[246] M. Livio, G. I. Ogilvie, and J. E. Pringle, Astrophys. J., 1999, 512(1): 100

[247] J. W. Broderick and F. P. Fender, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2011, 417(1): 184

[248] R. Daly, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2011, 414(2): 1253

[249] J. Aleksic, . [MAGIC Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Lett., 2011, 730: L8

[250] O. Bromberg and A. Levinson, Astrophys. J., 2009, 699(2): 1274

[251] F. Tavecchio, J. Becerra-Gonzalez, G. Ghisellini, A. Stamerra, G. Bonnoli, L. Foschini, and L. Maraschi, Astron. Astrophys., 2011, 534: 86

[252] C. D. Dermer, K. Murase, and H. Takami, Astrophys. J., 2012, 755(2): 14

[253] F. Taveccio, , Phys. Rev. D, 2012, 86: 085036

[254] K. Nalewajko, M. C. Begelman, B. Cerutti, D. A. Uzdensky, and M. Sikora, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2012, 425(4): 2519

[255] F. Tavecchio and G. Ghisellini, arXiv: 1209.2291, 2012

[256] C. M. Gaskell, New Astron. Rev., 2009, 53(7-10): 140

[257] B. Czerny and K. Hryniewicz, Astron. Astrophys., 2011, 525: L8

[258] T. G. Arshakian, , Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2010, 401: 1231

[259] P. S. Smith, G. D. Schmidt, and B. T. Jannuzi, Fermi Symposium2011, arXiv: 1110.6040

[260] E. P. Farina, R. Decarli, R. Falomo, A. Treves, and C. M. Raiteri, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2012, 424(1): 393

[261] D. Giannios, D. A. Uzdenksy, and M. C. Begelman, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2010, 402(3): 1649

[262] Y. D. Cui, Y. F. Yuan, Y. R. Li, and J. M. Wang, Astrophys. J., 2012, 746(2): 177

[263] M. V. Barkov, V. Bosch-Ramon, and F. A. Aharonian, Astrophys. J., 2012, 755(2): 170

[264] A. Levinson and F. Rieger, Astrophys. J., 2011, 730(2): 123

[265] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2010, 520: A83

[266] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2010, 722: 520

[267] P. Uttley, I. M. McHardy, and S. Vaughan, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2005, 359(1): 345

[268] J. Biteau and B. Giebels, Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 548: 123, arXiv: 1210.2045

[269] G. Ghisellini and F. Tavecchio, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2008, 386(1): L28

[270] D. Giannios, D. A. Uzdenksy, and M. C. Begelman, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2009, 395(1): L29

[271] M. Barkov, F. A. Aharonian, S. V. Bogovalov, S. R. Kelner, and D. Khangulyan, Astrophys. J., 2012, 749(2): 119

[272] J. G. Kirk and I. Mochol, Astrophys. J., 2011, 729(2): 104

[273] R. Narayan and T. Piran, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2012, 420(1): 604

[274] M. C. Begelman, A. C. Fabian, and M. J. Rees, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2008, 384(1): L19

[275] T. Boutelier, G. Henri, and P. O. Petrucci, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2008, 390(1): 73

[276] L. M. Heil, S. Vaughan, and P. Uttley, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2012, 422(3): 2620

[277] Y. E. Lyubarskii, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 1997, 292(3): 679

[278] F. M. Rieger and F. Volpe, Astron. Astrophys., 2010, 520: 23

[279] V. Bosch-Ramon and D. Khangulyan, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 2009, 18(03): 347

[280] G. Dubus, Astron. Astrophys., 2006, 456(3): 801

[281] G. Dubus, B. Cerrutti, and G. Henri, Astron. Astrophys., 2010, 516: 18

[282] J. Moldon, S. Johnston, M. Ribó, J. M. Paredes, and A. T. Deller, Astrophys. J., 2011, 732(1): L10

[283] M. Ribo, J. M. Paredes, J. Moldón, J. Martí, and M. Massi, Astron. Astrophys., 2008, 481(1): 17

[284] M. Massi, E. Ros, and L. Zimmermann, Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 540: A142

[285] J. Moldon, M. Ribo, and J. Paredes, AIP Conf. Proc., 2012, 1505: 386, arXiv: 1210.7702

[286] M. Perucho, V. Bosch-Ramon, and D. Khangulyan, Astron. Astrophys., 2010, 512: L4

[287] V. Bosch-Ramon and D. Khangulyan, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn., 2011, 63: 1023

[288] G. E. Romero, A. T. Okazaki, M. Orellana, and S. P. Owocki, Astron. Astrophys., 2007, 474(1): 15

[289] T. Takahashi, T. Kishishita, Y. Uchiyama, T. Tanaka, K. Yamaoka, D. Khangulyan, F. A. Aharonian, V. Bosch-Ramon, and J. A. Hinton, Astrophys. J., 2009, 697(1): 592

[290] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Astron. Astrophys., 2013, 551: 94, arXiv: 1301.3930

[291] V. Zabalza, , Astron. Astrophys., 2013, 551: 17, arXiv: 1212.3222

[292] J. Takata, A. T. Okazaki, S. Nagataki, T. Naito, A. Kawachi, S.H. Lee, M. Mori, K. Hayasaki, M. S. Yamaguchi, and S. P. Owocki, Astrophys. J., 2012, 750(1): 70

[293] S. V. Bogovalov, D. Khangulyan, A. V. Koldoba, G. V. Ustyugova, and F. A. Aharonian, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2012, 419(4): 3426

[294] M. Perucho and V. Bosch-Ramon, Astron. Astrophys., 2012, 539: 57

[295] P. Bordas, V. Bosch-Ramon, J. M. Paredes, and M. Perucho, Astron. Astrophys., 2009, 497(2): 325

[296] H. Gast, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Proc. 32nd ICRC, Beijing, 2011, arXiv: 1204.5860

[297] http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/pages/home/som/2011/01/

[298] A. A. Abdo, . [Fermi-LAT Collaboration], Astrophys. J., 2009, 701: L123

[299] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. Atwood, , Astrophys. J., 2009, 706(1): L56

[300] A. Abramowski, . [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013, 110: 041301, arXiv: 1301.1173

[301] D. I. Jones, R. M. Crocker, W. Reich, J. Ott, and F. A. Aharonian, Astrophys. J., 2012, 747(1): L12

[302] Q. Yuan, S. Liu, and X. Bi, Astrophys. J., 2012, 761(2): 133

[303] S. Sahu, B. Zhang, and N. Fraija, Phys. Rev. D, 2012, 85(4): 043012

[304] K. Mannheim, D. Elsässer, and O. Tibolla, Astropart. Phys., 2012, 35(12): 797

[305] S. Ohm and J. Hinton, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2013, 429(1): L70

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg