Manufacturing methods, bonding mechanisms, and mechanical properties of titanium/steel clad plates

Abstract

Titanium (Ti)/steel clad plates, combining corrosion resistance of titanium with high strength of steel, are critical for applications in petroleum, aerospace, and pressure vessels. This paper comprehensively reviews four manufacturing methods: explosive bonding, roll bonding, explosive-roll bonding, and diffusion bonding detailing their advantages, limitations, and mechanisms. Explosive bonding forms a wavy interface with high strength but faces challenges in process control. Roll bonding ensures dimensional precision but suffers from weakened interfaces due to brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Explosive-roll bonding balances efficiency and quality, yet risks IMCs regrowth during reheating. Diffusion bonding minimizes deformation but requires prolonged processing. Analysis of elemental diffusion and compound formation reveals that coexisting TiC and Fe‒Ti IMCs degrade interfacial strength, while interlayers effectively suppress brittle phases. Experimental results highlight that rolling temperatures and interlayer selection critically influence shear strength and tensile properties. The corrugated-flat rolling (CFR) technique enhances mechanical interlocking and diffusion, achieving superior interface bonding strength. Future research should prioritize optimizing process parameters to control IMCs, developing eco-friendly methods, and revealing dynamic interface evolution to research high-performance and large-scale titanium/steel clad plates.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Ti/steel clad plate / roll bonding / bonding mechanism / intermetallic compound / mechanical property

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