The antibacterial and drug-loaded bilayer poly(ε-caprolactone) fibrous membrane with a shish-kebab structure

Abstract

Electrospinning has been widely used in the field of biomedical materials characterized with high porosity and good breathability as well as similarity to the natural extracellular matrix. This study employs the microsol-electrospinning technology combined with the self-induced crystallization method to fabricate the functionalized bilayer poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibrous membrane with a shish-kebab (SK) structure. The outer layer consists of the antibacterial SK-structured fibrous membrane showing favorable mechanical properties and notable inhibitory effects on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, while salvianic acid A sodium (SAS) is encapsulated in the inner core‒shell and SK-structured PCL fibrous membrane, achieving the controlled and sustained release of SAS. Moreover, good biocompatibility and enhanced cell adhesion of this membrane are also revealed. This antibacterial and drug-loaded bilayer PCL fibrous membrane with a SK structure demonstrates superior mechanical characteristics, exceptional antibacterial properties, and notable biocompatibility, suggesting its favorable outlook for future development in the area of tissue engineering.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

poly(ε-caprolactone) / salvianic acid A sodium / electrospinning / shish-kebab

References

[1] Liu H, Bai Y, Huang C, . Recent progress of electrospun herbal medicine nanofibers.Biomolecules, 2023, 13(1): 184

[2] Sun B, Long Y Z, Zhang H D, . Advances in three-dimensional nanofibrous macrostructures via electrospinning.Progress in Polymer Science, 2014, 39(5): 862–890

[3] Schulte-Werning L V, Singh B, Johannessen M, . Antimicrobial liposomes-in-nanofiber wound dressings prepared by a green and sustainable wire-electrospinning set-up.International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2024, 657: 124136

[4] He J B, Zhou S S, Wang J X, . Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative electrospun nanofiber membrane promotes diabetic wound healing via macrophage modulation.Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2024, 22(1): 116

[5] Li B, Chen Y, He J S, . Silk fibroin/methacrylated gelatine/hydroxyapatite biomimetic nanofibrous membranes for guided bone regeneration.International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 263: 130380

[6] Zhou F, Cui C, Sun S, . Electrospun ZnO-loaded chitosan/PCL bilayer membranes with spatially designed structure for accelerated wound healing.Carbohydrate Polymers, 2022, 282: 119131

[7] Nanditha C K, Kumar G S V . Bioactive peptides laden nano and micro-sized particles enriched ECM inspired dressing for skin regeneration in diabetic wound.Materials Today Bio, 2022, 14: 100235

[8] Fang M, Goldstein E L, Matich E K, . Type I collagen self-assembly: the roles of substrate and concentration.Langmuir, 2013, 29(7): 2330–2338

[9] Liu C, Jiang S, Xu W, . Poly-l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone (PLCL) and poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA)/gelatin electrospun subacromial spacer improves extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition for the potential treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears.International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 245: 125522

[10] Bettinger C J, Langer R, Borenstein J T . Engineering substrate topography at the micro‐ and nanoscale to control cell function.Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2009, 48(30): 5406–5415

[11] Kucinska-Lipka J, Gubanska I, Janik H, . Fabrication of polyurethane and polyurethane based composite fibres by the electrospinning technique for soft tissue engineering of cardiovascular system.Materials Science and Engineering C, 2015, 46: 166–176

[12] Ding H, Hu Y, Cheng Y, . Core–shell nanofibers with a shish-kebab structure simulating collagen fibrils for bone tissue engineering.ACS Applied Bio Materials, 2021, 4(8): 6167–6174

[13] Dai T L, Wang L N, Yao J M, . Self-induced crystallization to form a shish-kebab structure on PLA-based Janus membrane to promote water transmission and interlayer binding force.Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 332: 125793

[14] Wang X, Salick M R, Wang X, . Poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers with a self-induced nanohybrid shish-kebab structure mimicking collagen fibrils.Biomacromolecules, 2013, 14(10): 3557–3569

[15] Guo X, Wang X, Li X, . Endothelial cell migration on poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibers coated with a nanohybrid shish-kebab structure mimicking collagen fibrils.Biomacromolecules, 2020, 21(3): 1202–1213

[16] Liu L, Zhang T, Li C, . Regulating surface roughness of electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone)/β-tricalcium phosphate fibers for enhancing bone tissue regeneration.European Polymer Journal, 2021, 143: 110201

[17] He T, Wang J, Huang P, . Electrospinning polyvinylidene fluoride fibrous membranes containing anti-bacterial drugs used as wound dressing.Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2015, 130: 278–286

[18] Zhou K, Wang M, Zhou Y, . Comparisons of antibacterial performances between electrospun polymer@drug nanohybrids with drug-polymer nanocomposites.Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2022, 5(2): 907–919

[19] Mottola S, Viscusi G, Belvedere R, . Production of mono and bilayer devices for wound dressing by coupling of electrospinning and supercritical impregnation techniques.International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2024, 660: 124308

[20] Han J, Branford-White C J, Zhu L M . Preparation of poly (ε-caprolactone)/poly (trimethylene carbonate) blend nanofibers by electrospinning.Carbohydrate Polymers, 2010, 79(1): 214–218

[21] Wang Y, Liu Y, Qian Y, . Characteristics of MgO/PCL/PVP antibacterial nanofiber membranes produced by electrospinning technology.Surfaces and Interfaces, 2022, 28: 101661

[22] Chen H, Zhang J, Wu H, . Fabrication of a Cu nanoparticles/poly (ε-caprolactone)/gelatin fiber membrane with good antibacterial activity and mechanical property via green electrospinning.ACS Applied Bio Materials, 2021, 4(8): 6137–6147

[23] Jia X, Zhou J, Ning J, . The polycaprolactone/silk fibroin/carbonate hydroxyapatite electrospun scaffold promotes bone reconstruction by regulating the polarization of macrophages.Regenerative Biomaterials, 2022, 9: rbac035

[24] Malikmammadov E, Tanir T E, Kiziltay A, . PCL and PCL-based materials in biomedical application.Journal of Biomaterials Science: Polymer Edition, 2018, 29(7−9): 863–893

[25] Sinha V R, Bansal K, Kaushik R, . Poly-ε-caprolactone microspheres and nanospheres: an overview.International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2004, 278(1): 1–23

[26] Wang X, Wang Y, Wei K, . Drug distribution within poly (ɛ-caprolactone) microspheres and in vitro release.Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009, 209(1): 348–354

[27] Liu R, Yu X, Gao W, . Study on the interaction between salvianic acid A sodium and bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic methods.Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2011, 78(5): 1535–1539

[28] Wang C Y, Ma F L, Liu J T, . Protective effect of salvianic acid A on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2007, 30(1): 44–47

[29] Chan K, Chui S H, Wong D Y L, . Protective effects of Danshensu from the aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) against homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction.Life Sciences, 2004, 75(26): 3157–3171

[30] Jia D, Zhang C R, Qiu Y, . Cardioprotective mechanisms of salvianic acid A sodium in rats with myocardial infarction based on proteome and transcriptome analysis.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2019, 40(12): 1513–1522

[31] Jia D, Li T, Chen X, . Salvianic acid A sodium protects HUVEC cells against tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidative injury via mitochondria-dependent pathway.Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2018, 279: 234–242

[32] Dhandayuthapani B, Krishnan U M, Sethuraman S . Fabrication and characterization of chitosan–gelatin blend nanofibers for skin tissue engineering.Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2010, 94(1): 264–272

[33] Liang H, Wang H Y, Sun X M, . Development of ZnO/Ag nanoparticles supported polydopamine-modified montmorillonite nanocomposites with synergistic antibacterial performance.Applied Clay Science, 2023, 244: 107112

[34] Becheri A, Dürr M, Lo Nostro P, . Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles: application to textiles as UV-absorbers.Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2008, 10(4): 679–689

[35] Wang X, Pan L, Zheng A, . Multifunctionalized carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone implant for rapid osseointegration under infected environment.Bioactive Materials, 2023, 24: 236–250

[36] Yao L, Wu X, Wu S, . Atomic layer deposition of zinc oxide on microrough zirconia to enhance osteogenesis and antibiosis.Ceramics International, 2019, 45(18): 24757–24767

[37] Li M, Lin D, Zhu L . Effects of water chemistry on the dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles and their toxicity to Escherichia coli.Environmental Pollution, 2013, 173: 97–102

[38] Hasannasab M, Nourmohammadi J, Dehghan M M, . Immobilization of bromelain and ZnO nanoparticles on silk fibroin nanofibers as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory burn dressing.International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2021, 610: 121227

[39] Farzan M, Roth R, Schoelkopf J, . The processes behind drug loading and release in porous drug delivery systems.European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2023, 189: 133–151

[40] Rehman F, Khan A J, Sama Z U, . Surface engineered mesoporous silica carriers for the controlled delivery of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil: computational approach for the drug-carrier interactions using density functional theory.Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2023, 14: 1146562

[41] Yuan M, Liu K, Jiang T, . GelMA/PEGDA microneedles patch loaded with HUVECs-derived exosomes and Tazarotene promote diabetic wound healing.Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2022, 20(1): 147

[42] Zhang H M, Guo M, Zhu T H, . A careob-like nanofibers with a sustained drug release profile for promoting skin wound repair and inhibiting hypertrophic scar.Composites Part B: Engineering, 2022, 236: 109790

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press