Surface nucleation and independent growth of Ce(OH)₄ within confinement space on modified carbon black surface to prepare nano-CeO₂ without agglomeration

Abstract

Highly dispersed negative carboxyl groups can be formed on carbon black (CB) surface modified with strong nitric acid. Therefore positive cations can be uniformly absorbed by carboxyl groups and precipitated within a confinement space on modified CB surface to prepare highly dispersed nanomaterials. In this paper, the formation and dispersion status of surface negative carboxyl groups, adsorption status of Ce³⁺, surface confinement nucleation, crystallization and calcination process were studied by EDS, SEM, and laser particle size analysis. The results show that the carboxyl groups formed on modified CB surface are highly dispersed, and Ce³⁺ cations can be uniformly anchored by carboxyl groups. Therefore, highly dispersed Ce³⁺ can react with OH⁻ within a confinement surface region to form positive nano-Ce(OH)₄ nuclei which also can be adsorbed by electrostatic attraction. After independent growth of Ce(OH)₄ without agglomeration, highly dispersed CeO₂ nanoparticles without agglomeration can be prepared together with the help of effectively isolates by CO₂ released in the combustion of CB.

Keywords

surface nucleation / confinement space / modified CB / agglomeration / nano-CeO₂

References

[1] Li B, Gu P, Feng Y C, . Ultrathin nickel–cobalt phosphate 2D nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage under aqueous/solid-state electrolyte. Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, 27(12), doi: 10.1002/adfm.201605784

[2] Gao R, Yan D. Layered host-guest long-afterglow ultrathin nanosheets: high-efficiency phosphorescence energy transfer at 2D confined interface. Chemical Science, 2017, 8(1): 590–599

[3] Liang R, Tian R, Liu Z, . Preparation of monodisperse ferrite nanocrystals with tunable morphology and magnetic properties. Chemistry- An Asian Journal, 2014, 9(4): 1161–1167

[4] Viguié J R, Sukmanowski J, Nölting B F, . Study of agglomeration of alumina nanoparticles by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2007, 302(1–3): 269–275

[5] Ejaz M, Alb A, Kosakowska K A, . Modular amphiphilic copolymer-grafted nanoparticles: “nanoparticle micelle” behavior enhances utility as dispersants. Polymer Chemistry, 2015, 6(44): 7749–7757

[6] Zhou J, Ralston J, Sedev R, . Functionalized gold nanoparticles: synthesis, structure and colloid stability. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2009, 331(2): 251–262

[7] Garnweitner G, Ghareeb H O, Grote C. Small-molecule in situ stabilization of TiO₂ nanoparticles for the facile preparation of stable colloidal dispersions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2010, 372(1–3): 41–47

[8] Devendiran R M, Chinnaiyan S K, Yadav N K, . Green synthesis of folic acid-conjugated gold nanoparticles with pectin as reducing/stabilizing agent for cancer theranostics. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(35): 29757–29768

[9] Alexandridis P. Gold nanoparticle synthesis, morphology control, and stabilization facilitated by functional polymers. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2011, 34(1): 15–28

[10] Wang L Y, Duan S X, Fang M Q, . Surface modification route to prepare novel polyamide@NH₂_MIL-88B nanocomposite membranes for water treatment. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(75): 71250–71261

[11] Alammar T, Noei H, Wang Y, . Ionic liquid-assisted sonochemical preparation of CeO₂ nanoparticles for CO oxidation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2015, 3(1): 42–54

[12] Khan M M, Ansari S A, Ansari M O, . Biogenic fabrication of Au@CeO₂ nanocomposite with enhanced visible light activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(18): 9477–9484

[13] Maitarad P, Han J, Zhang D, . Structure-activity relationships of NiO on CeO₂ nanorods for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃: Experimental and DFT studies. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(18): 9612–9620

[14] Wang L, Huang H, Xiao S, . Enhanced sensitivity and stability of room-temperature NH₃ sensors using core–shell CeO₂ nanoparticles@cross-linked PANI with p–n heterojunctions. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(16): 14131–14140

[15] Tomić N M, Dohčević-Mitrović Z D, Paunović N M, . Nanocrystalline CeO₂-δ as effective adsorbent of azo dyes. Langmuir, 2014, 30(39): 11582–11590

[16] Liu M, Lin C, Gu Y, . Oxygen reduction contributing to charge transfer during the first discharge of the CeO₂–Bi₂Fe₄O₉–Li battery: In situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption near-edge structure investigation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(27): 14711–14722

[17] Zhao Y, Li F, Zhang R, . Preparation of layered double-hydroxide nanomaterials with a uniform crystallite size using a new method involving separate nucleation and aging steps. Chemistry of Materials, 2002, 14(10): 4286–4291

[18] Zhang S J, Wang D Y. Preparation of novel BiOBr/CeO₂ heterostructured photocatalysts and their enhanced photocatalytic activity. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(113): 93032–93040

[19] Kuo Y L, Su Y M, Chou H L. A facile synthesis of high quality nanostructured CeO₂ and Gd₂O₃-doped CeO₂ solid electrolytes for improved electrochemical performance. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2015, 17(21): 14193–14200

[20] Bakkiyaraj R, Bharath G, Ramsait K H, . Solution combustion synthesis and physico-chemical properties of ultrafine CeO₂ nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(56): 51238–51245

[21] Balestrieri M, Colis S, Gallart M, . Photon management properties of rare-earth (Nd,Yb,Sm)-doped CeO₂ films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016, 18(4): 2527–2534

[22] Schläfer J, Graf D, Fornalczyk G, . Fluorinated cerium(IV) enaminolates: alternative precursors for chemical vapor deposition of CeO₂ thin films. Inorganic Chemistry, 2016, 55(11): 5422–5429

[23] Alammar T, Noei H, Wang Y, . Ionic liquid-assisted sonochemical preparation of CeO₂ nanoparticles for CO oxidation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2015, 3(1): 42–54

[24] Barton S S, Evans M J B, Halliop E, . Acidic and basic sites on the surface of porous carbon. Carbon, 1997, 35(9): 1361–1366

[25] Chen X, Farber M, Gao Y, . Mechanisms of surfactant adsorption on non-polar, air-oxidized and ozone-treated carbon surfaces. Carbon, 2003, 41(8): 1489–1500

[26] Bradley R H, Sutherland I, Sheng E. Carbon surface: area, porosity, chemistry, and energy. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1996, 179(2): 561–569

[27] Wang G, Zhou Y, Evans D G, . Preparation of highly dispersed nano-La₂O₃ particles using modified carbon black as an agglomeration inhibitor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012, 51(45): 14692–14699

[28] Guo S, Evans D G, Li D, . Experimental and numerical investigation of the precipitation of barium sulfate in a rotating liquid film reactor. AIChE Journal, 2009, 55(8): 2024–2034

[29] Naganuma T, Traversa E. Air, aqueous and thermal stabilities of Ce³⁺ ions in cerium oxide nanoparticle layers with substrates. Nanoscale, 2014, 6(12): 6637–6645

[30] Balasubramanian M, Melendres C A, Mansour A N. An X-ray absorption study of the local structure of cerium in electrochemically deposited thin films. Thin Solid Films, 1999, 347(1‒2): 178–183

[31] Tang K, Zhang J, Wang W, . Construction of Ce(OH) nanostructures from 1D to 3D by a mechanical force-driven method. CrystEngComm, 2015, 17(13): 2690–2697

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0301602) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21776018 and 21627813).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2018 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature