Synthesis of nanostructured Ru-doped SnO2 was successfully carried out using the reverse microemulsion method. The phase purity and the crystallite size were analyzed by XRD. The surface morphology and the microstructure of synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by SEM and TEM. The vibration mode of nanoparticles was investigated using FTIR and Raman studies. The electrochemical behavior of the Ru-doped SnO2 electrode was evaluated in a 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 solution using cyclic voltammetry. The 5% Ru-doped SnO2 electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 535.6 F/g at a scan rate 20 mV/s, possessing good conductivity as well as the electro-cycling stability. The Ru-doped SnO2 composite shows excellent electrochemical properties, suggesting that this composite is a promising material for supercapacitors.
| [1] |
Burke A. Ultracapacitors: Why, how, and where is the technology. Journal of Power Sources, 2000, 91(1): 37–50
|
| [2] |
Hu C C, Chang K H, Lin M C, Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO2 for next generation supercapacitors. Nano Letters, 2006, 6(12): 2690–2695
|
| [3] |
Kim J, Zhu K, Yan Y, Microstructure and pseudocapacitive properties of electrodes constructed of oriented NiO-TiO2 nanotube arrays. Nano Letters, 2010, 10(10): 4099–4104
|
| [4] |
Li G, Wang Z, Zheng F L, ZnO@MoO3 core/shell nanocables: Facile electrochemical synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performances. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(12): 4217–4221
|
| [5] |
Chen J, Xia X, Tu J, Co3O4‒C core‒shell nanowire array as an advanced anode material for lithium ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22(30): 15056–15061
|
| [6] |
Jeong Y U, Manthiram A. Nanocrystalline manganese oxides for electrochemical capacitors with neutral electrolytes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2002, 149(11): A1419–A1422
|
| [7] |
Wang H, Rogach A L. Hierarchical SnO2 nanostructures: Recent advances in design, synthesis, and applications. Chemistry of Materials, 2014, 26(1): 123–133
|
| [8] |
Han X, Jin M, Xie S, Synthesis of tin dioxide octahedral nanoparticles with exposed high-energy {221} facets and enhanced gas-sensing properties. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2009, 48(48): 9180–9183
|
| [9] |
El Moustafid T, Cachet H, Tribollet B, Modified transparent SnO2 electrodes as efficient and stable cathodes for oxygen reduction. Electrochimica Acta, 2002, 47(8): 1209–1215
|
| [10] |
Dai Y M, Tang S C, Peng J Q, MnO2@SnO2 core‒shell heterostructured nanorods for supercapacitors. Materials Letters, 2014, 130: 107–110
|
| [11] |
Manivel P, Ramakrishnan S, Kothurkar N K, Optical and electrochemical studies of polyaniline/SnO2 fibrous nanocomposites. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48(2): 640–645
|
| [12] |
He C, Xiao Y, Dong H, Mosaic-structured SnO2@C porous microspheres for high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. Electrochimica Acta, 2014, 142: 157–166
|
| [13] |
Egdell R G, Goodenough J B, Hamnett A, Electrochemistry of ruthenates Part 1. — Oxygen reduction on pyrochlore ruthenates. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 1983, 79: 893–912
|
| [14] |
Horowitz H S, Longo J M, Horowitz H H, The synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of nonstoichiometric ruthenate pyrochlores. In: Grasselli R K, Brazdil J F, eds. ACS Symposium Series (Volume 279): Solid State Chemistry in Catalysis. Washington, DC: ACS, 1985, 143–163
|
| [15] |
Lim J H, Choi D J, Kim H K, Thin film supercapacitors using a sputtered RuO2 electrode. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2001, 148(3): A275–A278
|
| [16] |
Raghuveer V, Kumar K, Viswanathan B. Nanocrystalline lead ruthenium pyrochlore as oxygen reduction electrode. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 2002, 9(2): 137–140
|
| [17] |
Ramamurthy P, Secco E A. Studies on metal hydroxy compounds. XIII. Thermal analyses and decomposition kinetics of hydroxystannates of bivalent metals. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1971, 49(17): 2813–2816
|
| [18] |
Venugopal B, Nandan B, Ayyachamy A, Influence of manganese ions in the band gap of tin oxide nanoparticles: structure, microstructure and optical studies. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(12): 6141–6150
|
| [19] |
Tian Z M, Yuan S L, He J H, Structure and magnetic properties in Mn doped SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008, 466(1‒2): 26–30
|
| [20] |
Kalantar-zadeh K, Ou J Z, Daeneke T, Two dimensional and layered transition metal oxides. Applied Materials Today, 2016, 5: 73–89
|
| [21] |
Nandan B, Venugopal B, Amirthapandian S, Effect of Pd ion doping in the band gap of SnO2 nanoparticles: structural and optical studies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 1999, 2013(15): 1–11
|
| [22] |
Gu F, Wang S F, Song C F, Synthesis and luminescence properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. Chemical Physics Letters, 2003, 372(3‒4): 451–454
|
| [23] |
Das S, Kar S, Chaudhuri S. Optical properties of SnO2 nanoparticles and nanorods synthesized by solvothermal process. Journal of Applied Physics, 2006, 99(11): 114303
|
| [24] |
Katiyar R S, Dawson P, Hargreave M M, Dynamics of the rutile structure. III. Lattice dynamics, infrared and Raman spectra of SnO2. Journal of Physics Part C: Solid State Physics, 1971, 4(15): 2421–2431
|
| [25] |
Chen W, Ghosh D, Chen S. Large-scale electrochemical synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science, 2008, 43(15): 5291–5299
|
| [26] |
Xiong C S, Xiong Y H, Zhu H, Investigation of Raman spectrum for nano-SnO2. Science in China Series A: Mathematics Physics Astronomy, 1997, 40(11): 1222–1227
|
| [27] |
Chen Z W, Du J, Zhang H J, Exploring the microstructural and electrical properties of SnO2 nanorods prepared by a widely applicable route. Acta Materialia, 2009, 57(15): 4632–4637
|
| [28] |
Chen Y J, Nie L, Xue X Y, Linear ethanol sensing of SnO2 nanorods with extremely high sensitivity. Applied Physics Letters, 2006, 88(8): 083105
|
| [29] |
Camacho-López M A, Galeana-Camacho J R, Esparza-García A, Characterization of nanostructured SnO2 films deposited by reactive DC-magnetron sputtering. Superficies y Vacío, 2013, 26(3): 95–99
|
| [30] |
Trani F, Causà M, Ninno D, Density functional study of oxygen vacancies at the SnO2 surface and subsurface sites. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2008, 77(24): 245410
|
| [31] |
Zhu Z, Deka R C, Chutia A, Enhanced gas-sensing behaviour of Ru-doped SnO2 surface: A periodic density functional approach. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2009, 70(9): 1248–1255
|
| [32] |
McGuire K, Pan Z W, Wang Z L, Raman studies of semiconducting oxide nanobelts. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2002, 2(5): 499–502
|
| [33] |
Wu Q, Xu Y, Yao Z, Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(4): 1963–1970 doi:10.1021/nn1000035
|
| [34] |
Manivel P, Ramakrishnan S, Kothurkar N K, Optical and electrochemical studies of polyaniline/SnO2 fibrous nanocomposites. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48(2): 640–645
|
| [35] |
Dai Y M, Tang S C, Peng J Q, MnO2@SnO2 core–shell heterostructured nanorods for supercapacitors. Materials Letters, 2014, 130: 107–110
|
| [36] |
Li G, Wang Z, Zheng F, ZnO@MoO3 core/shell nanocables: facile electrochemical synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performances. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(12): 4217–4221
|
| [37] |
Saha S, Jana M, Khanra P, Band gap modified boron doped NiO/Fe3O4 nanostructure as the positive electrode for high energy asymmetric supercapacitors. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(2): 1380–1387
|
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany