Low-temperature-resistant actuating materials are highly desirable for enabling exploration in extreme environments, such as polar regions or outer space. However, most electrochemically active polymers experience severe performance degradation at subzero temperatures due to impaired ionic and electronic transport. Consequently, achieving temperature-tolerant electrochemical actuation remains a significant challenge. Herein, a soft electrochemical actuator is developed based on a self-supporting polypyrrole membrane featuring hollow vesicles structures with coral-like rods. This hierarchical structure ensures a continuous conductive network and facilitates rapid ion diffusion, enabling stable actuation performance even at −24°C. The actuator demonstrates remarkable performance, including large actuation strain (~37%), low energy consumption per unit strain (0.12 mW cm⁻² %⁻¹), high coulombic efficiency (1.76 mC mg⁻¹ deg⁻¹), and a substantial deformation angle of ∼98°. These results highlight the significance of morphological design in enhancing electrochemical responsiveness under extreme conditions. This work offers a promising strategy for developing next-generation low-temperature electrochemical actuators.

The stability of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is a key requirement for their use in commercial displays. One approach to increase the performance of the blue subpixel is to use thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, which combine a small singlet-triplet gap, ΔE_ST, and non-trivial spin-orbit coupling to enable the harvesting of both singlet and triplet excitons to produce light; however, device stability is compromised due to long triplet lifetimes that increase the probability of the degradation of materials by biexcitonic and polaron events. In this work, we correlate the efficiency and stability of the device with the device structure, identifying possible origins for the trade-off between device efficiency and stability. By comparing a set of sky-blue emissive devices and fitting drift-diffusion simulations to intermittent optoelectronic measurements during stress-testing, the layers most affected by degradation can be determined. By coupling electrical simulations to an excitonic model, the contributions from biexcitonic and polaronic events to efficiency roll-off can be distinguished. We find that efficient but less stable devices suffer mainly from exciton-exciton annihilation, while stable but less efficient devices have excitons predominantly quenched by polarons. This implies that the device structure is responsible for determining non-radiative exciton pathways, and an efficient and stable OLED structure should aim to minimize exciton accumulation at high brightness.

Flexible multidimensional sensors are essential for smart wearables in motion monitoring, recognition and health tracking. However, conventional strain sensors have limitations for application in complex three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis due to their tradeoff between the detection direction and strain sensitivity, and the process compatibility for system integration in flexible sensors. This work presents a novel flexible multidimensional sensor capable of simultaneous detection of in-plane (along X- and Y-axes) and out-of-plane pressure (Z-axis) strain direction using an integrated thin film sensor. The 3D thin film sensor comprises a tri-layer structure of an upper pressure sensor component and a stack of orthogonally aligned nanofibrous strain layers, forming a cross-structured sensor with strong orthogonally directional selectivity. The integrated 3D thin film sensor is fabricated by electrospinning and infiltration, achieving a high gauge factor (GF) of 925 and a wide strain range of 630%. The sensor exhibits an in-plane GF of 293.2 along the X-axis and that of 1.3 along the Y-axis, yielding a high selectivity ratio of 6.15, revealing a mechanical stability over 5500 cycles with minimal crosstalk. It accurately distinguishes strain direction (0°–90°) and magnitude. Z-axis pressure is detected via a capacitive mechanism, thus enabling full 3D force perception. Integrated with a long short-term memory network, the 3D sensor achieves 95.83% accuracy in recognizing complex motions, surpassing single-axis recognition by 21.7%. This work demonstrates a compact, high-performance approach to multidimensional sensing for intelligent wearable motion monitoring and recognition systems.

Acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) type ultra-narrow bandgap acceptors demonstrate promising potential for organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption. However, further performance improvements are severely constrained by the insufficient exciton dissociation driving force caused by a small donor-acceptor electrostatic potential (ESP) difference, as well as pronounced energy losses governed by the energy-gap law. To address these challenges, this work reports a synergistic molecular design strategy that combines central core fluorination, selenophene substitution, and side-chain engineering, yielding two novel acceptors, namely 6TFSe-4F and 6TFSe-4Cl. The central core fluorination effectively enhances the donor-acceptor ESP difference and thus strengthens the exciton dissociation driving force, while the incorporation of selenophene compensates for the fluorination-induced weakening of intramolecular charge transfer, thereby preserving strong near-infrared absorption without undesirable blue-shifting. Compared to PM6:6TFSe-4Cl, the PM6:6TFSe-4F blend exhibits stronger crystallinity, which is conducive to efficient charge transport. Consequently, the PM6:6TFSe-4F-based device delivers a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.4% with an exceptional short-circuit current density (J_SC) of 27.14 mA cm⁻², significantly outperforming the PM6:6TIC-4F-based device. Notably, both the PCE and J_SC represent the highest values reported to date for binary OSCs employing A-D-A-type selenium-substituted acceptors. These results demonstrate that the proposed synergistic molecular design strategy simultaneously enables efficient exciton dissociation and suppressed energy loss through precise modulation of molecular ESP and optimized packing behavior, thereby providing valuable guidelines for the rational design of next-generation high-performance NIR acceptors.

Salicylic acid (SA), a widely distributed environmental pollutant, requires accurate detection for effective water quality monitoring and ecological protection. In this work, we developed a highly sensitive fluorescent sensor by encapsulating boron-doped graphene quantum dots (B-GQDs) within amino-functionalized lanthanum-based metal-organic frameworks (NH₂-La-MOFs). Upon 365 nm excitation, the composite exhibits strong blue emission peaking at 430 nm, which is significantly quenched and red-shifted to 560 nm as the SA concentration increases to 50 μM. This spectral shift is accompanied by a distinct color change visible to the naked eye, enabling intuitive visual detection. The quenching mechanism is attributed to static interactions and a reduction in the excited-state bandgap. Spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-STEM) confirms the uniform distribution of B-GQDs within the NH₂-La-MOFs matrix. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking greatly enhance SA adsorption, which is consistent with the observed Zeta potential shift from −2.90 mV to −17.6 mV, indicating enhanced surface charge density and improved SA binding affinity. Selectivity tests demonstrate that the quenching efficiency (I₅₀/I₄₀ ≈ 0.15) remains stable even in the presence of 10 μM common interfering species such as Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, glucose, and alanine, indicating excellent anti-interference performance. By adopting the strategy of metal-organic frameworks coupled with boron-doped graphene quantum dots, this work provides a robust, portable, paper-based, flexible fluorescent sensor for efficient visual detection of salicylic acid in environmental applications.

Achieving low-threshold lasing in formamidinium (FA)-based perovskite films remains challenging due to difficulties in controlling their crystallization. In this study, we introduce a dual-additive strategy utilizing zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)₂) and 5-aminovaleric acid (5-AVA) to modulate the crystallization process of FA-based perovskite films. The synergistic effect of these additives enables the formation of smooth and dense FAPbBr₃ films with a low surface roughness of 1.36 nm and a high photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) of 63.6%. Based on these high-quality films, we demonstrate amplified spontaneous emission with a threshold as low as 26 μJ/cm². Moreover, by integrating the perovskite films with distributed feedback gratings, we achieve perovskite lasing with a record-low threshold of 15.5 μJ/cm² under nanosecond-pulsed optical excitation at room temperature. This work offers valuable insights into the fabrication of high-quality FA-based perovskite films and represents a significant step toward the development of high-performance perovskite laser devices.

The planar triple-layer hole transport layer (HTL)-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells have the advantages of low cost and high stability, but their low efficiency hinders the commercialization process. Here, a dual regulation strategy for bulk defects and interface defects has been developed. After selecting dimethylamine (DMA) as the fixed cation and selecting the anion site (I⁻, Br⁻, Cl⁻, HCOO⁻), an ionic liquid additive, DMAFo, was synthesized, achieving multiple functions such as energy level regulation, removal of residual PbI₂ at the buried interface, retarding crystallization through the intermediate phase DMAPbI_(3−x)HCOO_x, filling halide vacancy defects, and releasing residual stress. This effectively reduces energy loss during carrier transport and obtains higher-quality perovskite films. Under the synergistic effect of DMA⁺ and HCOO⁻, both bulk defects and interface defects in the perovskite film were simultaneously addressed. The device prepared using DMAFo as an additive achieved the best device efficiency of 20.77%, and after continuous maximum power point tracking for 1200 h, the device efficiency remained almost unchanged, demonstrating excellent operational stability.

The slow kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline media requires higher loadings of noble metal catalysts to achieve satisfactory kinetic activity, which greatly undermines the cost competitiveness of anion-exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, we prepared an atomically ordered RuGa intermetallic nanocatalyst (imc-RuGa/hp-hCN) anchored on hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon. The ordered arrangement of the oxygenophilic Ga atoms and Ru atoms directionally modulates Ru electronic structure, synergistically optimizing *H and *OH adsorption energies for enhanced HOR catalysis. The mass activity of the catalyst reaches up to 9.93 A mg_Ru⁻¹, which is 13 times higher than that of commercial PtRu/C. Importantly, the catalyst is stabilized for 600 h with a decay rate of only 10.5%. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the atomic-scale ordered structure confers a homogeneous electron environment for the Ru active sites, enabling the catalyst to simultaneously maintain high activity, stability, and CO tolerance.

Integrated photonics and quantum information technologies demand compact, energy-efficient, and wavelength-tunable coherent light sources. Metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a versatile class of gain media for photonic applications, offering exceptional optical gain, compositional flexibility, and defect tolerance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of lasing mechanisms in metal halide perovskites, encompassing free-carrier, excitonic, and strong light-matter coupling regimes that lead to polaritonic lasing. We further discuss how crystallographic dimensionality and excitonic interactions govern the optical gain landscape and influence lasing performance. Recent advances in continuous-wave and electrically pumped perovskite lasers are also critically examined in terms of material composition, device architecture, and exciton dynamics. Finally, we highlight emerging strategies to suppress Auger recombination, carrier imbalance, and thermal degradation, paving the way toward stable, electrically pumped perovskite lasers for scalable on-chip photonic and quantum information systems.

Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment by enabling the immune system to target tumors more precisely. However, challenges such as immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment, off-target effects, and limited success in treating solid tumors continue to hinder its broader effectiveness. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted by various cell types, have drawn increasing interest for their potential to overcome these barriers. Tumor-derived EVs can promote immune evasion but also carry tumor antigens that stimulate immune responses. Meanwhile, EVs from immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, can enhance immune function by delivering signaling molecules that support both innate and adaptive immunity. Advances in EV engineering have further improved their stability, targeting capabilities, and therapeutic potential. This review explores the dual roles of tumor-derived and immune cell-derived EVs in cancer immunotherapy, discusses recent progress in EV engineering that improves their clinical utility, and evaluates their potential to augment existing immunotherapies.

With the advent of the big data era, traditional Von Neumann architecture is facing an energy consumption bottleneck due to separated memory and computing units, inspiring the research of brain-like neuromorphic computing devices for artificial intelligence systems. On the other hand, with the increasing popularity of flexible electronic devices, the development of the next-generation of wearable neuromorphic electronics has been driven, especially the textile technology based on 1D fibers. The manufacturing method, material system, electrical characteristics and intelligent integration of electronic fabrics were systematically summarized. The review provides an in-depth review of the research status of four key modules for artificial intelligence systems, including fabric batteries, fabric sensors, fabric displays, and fabric memristors. The main challenges and problems that neuromorphic electronic fabric technology currently needs to solve were pointed out, as well as prospects for intelligent fabric-integrated microsystems that may shine in the future.

Flexible perovskite solar cells hold great potential for lightweight and conformal photovoltaics but their power conversion efficiency (PCE) still lags behind rigid counterparts, particularly in large-area modules, due to challenges in forming high-quality films on flexible substrates. To address this challenge, Tan et al. present a scalable gas-quenching-assisted in situ additive coating strategy that enables dynamic control of crystallization and synergistic optimization of bulk and interfacial properties (Nat. Photon. 2025, 19, 1255–1263). This approach yields wide-bandgap perovskite films up to 30 × 40 cm² on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under ambient conditions, featuring high crystallinity, low defect density, and pinhole-free interfaces. Using this method, they achieve a 27.5% PCE in flexible all-perovskite tandem cells (active area of 0.049 cm²) and a certified 23.0% efficiency in large-area modules (aperture area of 20.26 cm²). Slot-die-coated wide-bandgap modules (aperture area of 804 cm²) exhibit excellent flexibility, retaining 97.2% efficiency after 10,000 bending cycles and outstanding thermal and operational stability. This work narrows the performance gap between flexible and rigid tandems, advancing scalable, high-efficiency flexible photovoltaics.

While pioneering studies on coherently twinned metallic nanowires revealed extraordinary mechanical-electrical properties over a decade ago, the field has seen diminishing momentum despite its transformative potential. A renewed focus is warranted, as these nanostructures uniquely circumvent the classic trade-off between strength, ductility, and conductivity through their coherent internal interfaces. Key deformation mechanisms and uncharted frontiers in electro-mechanical coupling are outlined, intended to inspire the application of these concepts in next-generation flexible electronics and nanodevices.