In situ coating strategy for flexible all-perovskite tandem modules: A new path toward high-efficiency flexible photovoltaics

Abstract

Flexible perovskite solar cells hold great potential for lightweight and conformal photovoltaics but their power conversion efficiency (PCE) still lags behind rigid counterparts, particularly in large-area modules, due to challenges in forming high-quality films on flexible substrates. To address this challenge, Tan et al. present a scalable gas-quenching-assisted in situ additive coating strategy that enables dynamic control of crystallization and synergistic optimization of bulk and interfacial properties (Nat. Photon. 2025, 19, 1255–1263). This approach yields wide-bandgap perovskite films up to 30 × 40 cm² on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under ambient conditions, featuring high crystallinity, low defect density, and pinhole-free interfaces. Using this method, they achieve a 27.5% PCE in flexible all-perovskite tandem cells (active area of 0.049 cm²) and a certified 23.0% efficiency in large-area modules (aperture area of 20.26 cm²). Slot-die-coated wide-bandgap modules (aperture area of 804 cm²) exhibit excellent flexibility, retaining 97.2% efficiency after 10,000 bending cycles and outstanding thermal and operational stability. This work narrows the performance gap between flexible and rigid tandems, advancing scalable, high-efficiency flexible photovoltaics.

Keywords

additives strategy / flexible electronics / flexible perovskite solar cells / flexible photovoltaics / gas-quenching-assisted in-situ coating

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2026 The Author(s). FlexMat published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications.