Capacity-operation collaborative optimization of the system integrated with wind power/photovoltaic/concentrating solar power with S-CO₂ Brayton cycle

Abstract

This paper proposes a new power generating system that combines wind power (WP), photovoltaic (PV), trough concentrating solar power (CSP) with a supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) Brayton power cycle, a thermal energy storage (TES), and an electric heater (EH) subsystem. The wind power/photovoltaic/concentrating solar power (WP−PV−CSP) with the S-CO₂ Brayton cycle system is powered by renewable energy. Then, it constructs a bi-level capacity-operation collaborative optimization model and proposes a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) nested linear programming (LP) algorithm to solve this optimization problem, aiming to obtain a set of optimal capacity configurations that balance carbon emissions, economics, and operation scheduling. Afterwards, using Zhangbei area, a place in China which has significant wind and solar energy resources as a practical application case, it utilizes a bi-level optimization model to improve the capacity and annual load scheduling of the system. Finally, it establishes three reference systems to compare the annual operating characteristics of the WP−PV−CSP (S-CO₂) system, highlighting the benefits of adopting the S-CO₂ Brayton cycle and equipping the system with EH. After capacity-operation collaborative optimization, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and carbon emissions of the WP−PV−CSP (S-CO₂) system are decreased by 3.43% and 92.13%, respectively, compared to the reference system without optimization.

Key words： wind power/photovoltaic/concentrating solar power (WP−PV−CSP); supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) Brayton cycle; capacity-operation collaborative optimization; sensitive analysis

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52090060).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Notations

Abbreviations
CSP	Concentrating solar power
EH	Electric heater
HT	Hot tank
PV	Photovoltaic
S-CO2	Supercritical carbon dioxide
SF	Solar field
TES	Thermal energy storage
WP	Wind power
WT	Wind turbine
Variables
A	Area/m2
B	Coal consumption/t
C	Capacity/MW
DNI	Direct solar irradiation/(W·m−2)
GI	Global irradiance/(W·m−2)
h	Height/m
IC	Investment costs/$
LCOE	Levelized cost of electricity/($·kWh−1)
m	Mass flow rate/(kg·s−1)
P	Power/MW
Q	Quantity of heat/MW
T	Temperature/°C
v	Wind speed/(m·s−1)
W	Work/MW
η	Efficiency
Subscripts
a	Ambient
ab	Abandoned
C	Compressor
c	Charge
d	Discharge
HE	Heat exchanger
INV	Inverterin input
NOM	Normal
O&M	Operation and maintenance
out	Output
ref	Reference
s	Standard
T	Turbine

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