Advances in electrocatalysts for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction to produce hydrogen peroxide

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a versatile chemical with critical applications in sterilization, wastewater treatment, and chemical synthesis, is conventionally produced via the anthraquinone process. However, this approach entails significant safety risks. Electrochemical in situ H₂O₂ production via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻ ORR) has emerged as a sustainable and inherently safe alternative and has attracted increasing interest from both scientific research and industry. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in various electrocatalysts for 2e⁻ ORR-based hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, with a focus on key determinants of activity and selectivity. Catalyst classification, structural design strategies, electronic property modulation, reaction mechanism insights, and optimal operating conditions are examined to guide enhanced H₂O₂ yield. It is anticipated that this comprehensive analysis will provide a foundational framework for future novel catalyst optimization efforts, ultimately advancing the efficiency, selectivity and stability of electrochemical H₂O₂ synthesis.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻ ORR) / Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) / Electrocatalytic synthesis / Noble metal-based catalysts / Carbon-based catalysts / Transition metal catalysts / Applications

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