Three-dimensional numerical simulation of melting characteristics of phase change materials embedded with various TPMS skeletons
Pengzhen Zhu, Baoming Chen, Liyan Sui, Hongchen Li, Kun Li, Yu Jian
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of melting characteristics of phase change materials embedded with various TPMS skeletons
Phase change energy storage technology has great potential for enhancing the efficient conversion and storage of energy. While triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures have shown promise in improving heat transfer, research on their application in phase change heat transfer remains limited. This paper presents numerical simulations of composite phase change materials (PCMs) featuring TPMS skeletons, specifically gyroid, diamond, primitive, and I-graph and wrapped package-graph (I-WP) utilizing the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). A comparative analysis of the effects of four TPMS skeletons on enhancing the phase change process reveals that the PCM containing the gyroid skeleton melts the fastest, with a complete melting time of 24.1% shorter than that of the PCM containing the I-WP skeleton. The PCM containing the gyroid skeleton is further simulated to explore the effects of the Rayleigh (Ra) number, Prandtl (Pr) number, and Stefan (Ste) number on the melting characteristics. Notably, the complete melting time is reduced by 60.44% when Ra is increased to 106 compared to the case with Ra at 104. Increasing the Pr number accelerates the migration of the mushy zone, resulting in fast melting. Conversely, the convective heat transfer effect from the heating surface decreases as the Ste number increases. The temperature differences caused by the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) effect over time are significant and complex, with peaks becoming more pronounced nearer the heating surface. This study intends to provide theoretical support for the further development of TPMS skeletons in enhancing the phase change process.
solid–liquid phase change / lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) / triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) / mushy zone / local thermal non-equilibrium effect (LTNE)
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cp | Heat capacity, J/(kg·K) |
cs | Lattice sound speed |
C | Constant of the mushy zone |
En | Enthalpy, J/kg |
Fε | Shape factor of porous skeleton |
g | Gravitational acceleration, m/s2 |
k | Thermal conductivity, W/(m∙K) |
keff | Effective thermal conductivity, W/(m∙K) |
K | Permeability, m2 |
L | Feature length, m |
La | Latent heat of phase change, J/kg |
p | Relative pressure, Pa |
R | Thermal conductivity ratio |
t | Time, s |
T | Temperature, K |
TR | Temperature radius of phase change, K |
u | Seepage velocity, m/s |
v | Fluid kinematic viscosity, m2/s |
νeff | Combined kinematic viscosity coefficient, m2/s |
Greek symbols | |
α | Thermal diffusion coefficient, m2/s |
β | Thermal expansion coefficient, 1/K |
γ | Liquid fraction |
θ | Dimensionless temperature |
ρ | Density, kg/m3 |
σ | Heat capacity ratio |
τ | Dimensionless relaxation time |
ωi | Weighting factor |
Dimensionless numbers | |
Da | Darcy number |
Fo | Fourier number |
Nu | Nusselt number |
Pr | Prandtl number |
Ra | Rayleigh number |
Ste | Stefan number |
Subscripts | |
c | Cold surface |
f | PCM |
fl | Liquid PCM |
fs | Solid PCM |
h | Heating surface |
s | Solid skeleton |
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