Plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis under mild conditions for hydrogen and electricity storage: Mechanisms, pathways, and application prospects

Abstract

Ammonia, with its high hydrogen storage density of 17.7 wt.% (mass fraction), cleanliness, efficiency, and renewability, presents itself as a promising zero-carbon fuel. However, the traditional Haber−Bosch (H−B) process for ammonia synthesis necessitates high temperature and pressure, resulting in over 420 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually, and relies on fossil fuel consumption. In contrast, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis operates at low temperatures and atmospheric pressures, utilizing nitrogen and hydrogen radicals excited by energetic electrons, offering a potential alternative to the H−B process. This method can be effectively coupled with renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind) for environmentally friendly, distributed, and efficient ammonia production. This review delves into a comprehensive analysis of the low-temperature DBD plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis technology at atmospheric pressure, covering the reaction pathway, mechanism, and catalyst system involved in plasma nitrogen fixation. Drawing from current research, it evaluates the economic feasibility of the DBD plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis technology, analyzes existing dilemmas and challenges, and provides insights and recommendations for the future of nonthermal plasma ammonia processes.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

plasma catalysis / nitrogen fixation / ammonia synthesis / hydrogen storage / catalyst / carbon neutralization

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52076045), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2022YFB4201802) , and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2242023K40007).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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