Recent advances in co-processing biomass feedstock with petroleum feedstock: A review

Abstract

Co-processing of biomass feedstock with petroleum feedstock in existing refineries is a promising technology that enables the production of low-carbon fuels, reduces dependence on petroleum feedstock, and utilizes the existing infrastructure in refinery. Much effort has been dedicated to advancing co-processing technologies. Though significant progress has been made, the development of co-processing is still hindered by numerous challenges. Therefore, it is important to systematically summarize up-to-date research activities on co-processing process for the further development of co-processing technologies. This paper provides a review of the latest research activities on co-processing biomass feedstock with petroleum feedstock utilizing fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) or hydrotreating (HDT) processes. In addition, it extensively discusses the influence of different types and diverse physicochemical properties of biomass feedstock on the processing of petroleum feedstock, catalysts employed in co-processing studies, and relevant projects. Moreover, it summarizes and discusses co-processing projects in pilot or larger scale. Furthermore, it briefly prospects the research trend of co-processing in the end.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

co-processing / biomass / bio-oil / petroleum feedstock / fluid catalytic cracking / hydrotreating

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Notations

AAEM	Alkali and alkaline earth metal
CAPEX	Capital expenditure
CFP	Catalytic fast pyrolysis
CTO	Catalyst-to-oil
DDO	Direct deoxygenation
DDS	Direct desulfurization
DEDAD	N,N-diethyldodecanamide
DN	Denitrogenation
DO	Deoxygenation
FCC	Fluid catalytic cracking
FP	Fast pyrolysis
HDM	Hydrodemetallization
HDN	Hydrodenitrogenation
HDO	Hydrodeoxygenation
HDS	Hydrodesulfurization
HDT	Hydrotreating
HHV	Higher heating value
HTL	Hydrothermal liquefaction
HVGO	Heavy vacuum gas oil
HYD	Hydrogenation
LCO	Light cycle oil
MAT	Micro-activity testing
Ni	Nickel
OPEX	Operating expense
PAH	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
SRGO	Straight run gas oil
TAN	Total acid number
V	Vanadium
VGO	Vacuum gas oil
WCO	Waste cooking oil

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFE0135400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52006196 and 52236011), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant Nos. LGG22E060004 and LDT23E06012E06), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. 2022ZFJH004).

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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