Emerging trends in self-healable nanomaterials for triboelectric nanogenerators: A comprehensive review and roadmap

Abstract

A thorough analysis of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) that make use of self-healable nanomaterials is presented in this review. These TENGs have shown promise as independent energy sources that do not require an external power source to function. TENGs are developing into a viable choice for powering numerous applications as low-power electronics technology advances. Despite having less power than conventional energy sources, TENGs do not directly compete with these. TENGs, on the other hand, provide unique opportunities for future self-powered systems and might encourage advancements in energy and sensor technologies. Examining the many approaches used to improve nanogenerators by employing materials with shape memory and self-healable characteristics is the main goal of this review. The findings of this comprehensive review provide valuable information on the advancements and possibilities of TENGs, which opens the way for further research and advancement in this field. The discussion of life cycle evaluations of TENGs provides details on how well they perform in terms of the environment and identifies potential improvement areas. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness, social acceptability, and regulatory implications of self-healing TENGs are examined, as well as their economic and societal ramifications.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) / self-healable nanomaterials / self-powered devices / energy

References

[1] Sultana A, Alam M M, Ghosh S K. . Energy harvesting and self-powered microphone application on multifunctional inorganic-organic hybrid nanogenerator. Energy, 2019, 166: 963–971

[2] Zhang H, Zhang D, Wang Z. . Ultrastretchable, self-healing conductive hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerators for human–computer interaction. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15(4): 5128–5138

[3] Liu L, Guo X, Lee C. Promoting smart cities into the 5G era with multi-field Internet of Things (IoT) applications powered with advanced mechanical energy harvesters. Nano Energy, 2021, 88: 106304

[4] Bhaduri A, Singh S, Tripathi R K. . Healable, highly sensitive LPG sensor based on Ni_0.4Zn_0.6Fe₂O₄ nanohybrid grown by autocombustion process. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 2021, 327: 128840

[5] Wang Z L, Wu W. Nanotechnology-enabled energy harvesting for self-powered micro- /nanosystems. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2012, 51(47): 11700–11721

[6] Wang Z L, Song J. Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science, 2006, 312(5771): 242–246

[7] Suh I Y, Kim Y J, Zhao P. . Self-powered microbial blocking textile driven by triboelectric charges. Nano Energy, 2023, 110: 108343

[8] Li C, Guo H, Wu Z. . Self-healable triboelectric nanogenerators: Marriage between self-healing polymer chemistry and triboelectric devices. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(2): 2208372

[9] Pan M, Yuan C, Liang X. . Triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators for future soft robots and machines. iScience, 2020, 23(11): 101682

[10] Yang H, Fan F R, Xi Y. . Design and engineering of high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator for ubiquitous unattended devices. EcoMat, 2021, 3(2): e12093

[11] Zhao Z, Lu Y, Mi Y. . Adaptive triboelectric nanogenerators for long-term self-treatment: A review. Biosensors, 2022, 12(12): 1127

[12] Li T, Lu X M, Zhang M R. . Peptide-based nanomaterials: Self-assembly, properties and applications. Bioactive Materials, 2022, 11: 268–282

[13] Verma A, Chaudhary P, Tripathi R K. . The functionalization of polyacrylamide with MoS₂ nanoflakes for use in transient photodetectors. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2021, 5(5): 1394–1405

[14] Wang C, Liu Y, Qu X. . Ultra-stretchable and fast self-healing ionic hydrogel in cryogenic environments for artificial nerve fiber. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(16): 2105416

[15] Wen Z, Guo H, Zi Y. . Harvesting broad frequency band blue energy by a triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(7): 6526–6534

[16] Singh S, Bhaduri A, Tripathi R K. . Improved sensing behaviour of self-healable solar light photodetector based on core-shell type Ni_0.2Zn_0.8Fe₂O₄@ poly (urea-formaldehyde). Solar Energy, 2019, 188: 278–290

[17] ZhangCWangZ L. Triboelectric nanogenerators. In: Huang Q, ed. Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. Singapore: Springer 2018

[18] Singh A, Chauhan P, Verma A. . CuBi₂O₄ nanocrystals integrated with polyaniline nanobelt arrays for weak light photomultiplication type photodetector. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2023, 7(1): 131–143

[19] DhakarL. Triboelectric Devices for Power Generation and Self-powered Sensing Applications. Singapore: Springer, 2017

[20] Verma A, Chaudhary P, Singh A. . ZnS nanosheets in a polyaniline matrix as metallopolymer nanohybrids for flexible and biofriendly photodetectors. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2022, 5(4): 4860–4874

[21] Wang S, Xie Y, Niu S. . Freestanding triboelectric-layer-based nanogenerators for harvesting energy from a moving object or human motion in contact and non-contact modes. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(18): 2818–2824

[22] Xu W, Wong M C, Hao J. Strategies and progress on improving robustness and reliability of triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy, 2019, 55: 203–215

[23] Hu S, Weber J, Chang S. . A low-cost simple sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting energy from human activities. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2022, 7(9): 2200186

[24] Wang C, Qu X, Zheng Q. . Stretchable, self-healing, and skin-mounted active sensor for multipoint muscle function assessment. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(6): 10130–10140

[25] Verma A, Singh A, Chaudhary P. . Photocurrent conversion capability of a 2D WS₂-polyvinyl alcohol matrix and its DFT-based charge carrier dynamics analysis. Materials Advances, 2023, 4(4): 1062–1074

[26] Fan F R, Tian Z Q, Wang Z L. Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy, 2012, 1(2): 328–334

[27] WangYYangYWangZ L. Triboelectric nanogenerators as flexible power sources. npj Flexible Electronics. 2017, 1(1): 10

[28] Wu C, Wang A C, Ding W. . Triboelectric nanogenerator: A foundation of the energy for the new era. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(1): 1802906

[29] Mishra S, Supraja P, Haranath D. . Effect of surface and contact points modification on the output performance of triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy, 2022, 104: 107964

[30] Kaur A, Singh S, Sharma P. . Density functional theory and experimental investigations of MWCNT-PDMS based triboelectric nanogenerator. Materials Today. Communications, 2022, 33: 104742

[31] Sharma A, Panwar V, Mondal B. . Electrical stimulation induced by a piezo-driven triboelectric nanogenerator and electroactive hydrogel composite, accelerate wound repair. Nano Energy, 2022, 99: 107419

[32] Kaur A, Gupta A, Ying C. . Smart wearable triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered bioelectronics and therapeutics. Microelectronic Engineering, 2023, 275: 111992

[33] Verma A, Yadav B C. 2D/2D nanostructured system based on WO₃/WS₂ for acetone sensor and breath analyzer. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2023, 6(7): 5493–5507

[34] Su C X H, Low L W, Teng T T. . Combination and hybridisation of treatments in dye wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2016, 4(3): 3618–3631

[35] Liu Y, Mo J, Fu Q. . Enhancement of triboelectric charge density by chemical functionalization. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(50): 2004714

[36] Li J, Shepelin N A, Sherrell P C. . Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for triboelectricity: From mechanisms to practical strategies. Chemistry of Materials, 2021, 33(12): 4304–4327

[37] Somkuwar V U, Kumar B. Influence of the fabric topology on the performance of a textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered monitoring. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2023, 5(4): 2323–2335

[38] Gautam C, Verma A, Chaudhary P. . Development of 2D based ZnO–MoS₂ nanocomposite for photodetector with light-induced current study. Optical Materials, 2022, 123: 111860

[39] Verma A, Chaudhary P, Tripathi R K. . Flexible, environmentally-acceptable and long-durable-energy-efficient novel WS₂–polyacrylamide MOFs for high-performance photodetectors. Materials Advances, 2022, 3(9): 3994–4005

[40] Ahmed A, El-Kady M F, Hassan I. . Fire-retardant, self-extinguishing triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy, 2019, 59: 336–345

[41] Wu J, Wang X, Li H. . Insights into the mechanism of metal-polymer contact electrification for triboelectric nanogenerator via first-principles investigations. Nano Energy, 2018, 48: 607–616

[42] Tcho I W, Kim W G, Jeon S B. . Surface structural analysis of a friction layer for a triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy, 2017, 42: 34–42

[43] HarperW. Contact and Frictional Electrification. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967

[44] Liu C, Bard A J. Electrons on dielectrics and contact electrification. Chemical Physics Letters, 2009, 480(4–6): 145–156

[45] Lacks D J, Mohan Sankaran R. Contact electrification of insulating materials. Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics, 2011, 44(45): 453001

[46] Robins E S, Lowell J, Rose-Innes A C. The role of surface ions in the contact electrification of insulators. Journal of Electrostatics, 1980, 8(2–3): 153–160

[47] Lowell J, Rose-Innes A C. Contact electrification. Advances in Physics, 1980, 29(6): 947–1023

[48] Wu J, Wang X, Li H. . First-principles investigations on the contact electrification mechanism between metal and amorphous polymers for triboelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy, 2019, 63: 103864

[49] Kim W G, Kim D W, Tcho I W. . Triboelectric nanogenerator: Structure, mechanism, and applications. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(1): 258–287

[50] Segall M D, Lindan P J D, Probert M J. . First-principles simulation: Ideas, illustrations and the CASTEP code. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 2002, 14(11): 2717–2744

[51] Lowell J. The electrification of polymers by metals. Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics, 1976, 9(11): 1571–1585

[52] Yoshida M, Ii N, Shimosaka A. . Experimental and theoretical approaches to charging behavior of polymer particles. Chemical Engineering Science, 2006, 61(7): 2239–2248

[53] Hogue M D, Buhler C R, Calle C I. . Insulator–insulator contact charging and its relationship to atmospheric pressure. Journal of Electrostatics, 2004, 61(3–4): 259–268

[54] Liu C, Bard A J. Electrostatic electrochemistry at insulators. Nature Materials, 2008, 7(6): 505–509

[55] Dzhardimalieva G I, Yadav B C, Singh S. . Self-healing and shape memory metallopolymers: State-of-the-art and future perspectives. Dalton Transactions, 2020, 49(10): 3042–3087

[56] Lai Y C, Wu H M, Lin H C. . Entirely, intrinsically, and autonomously self-healable, highly transparent, and superstretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for personal power sources and self-powered electronic skins. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(40): 1904626

[57] Verma A, Chaudhary P, Tripathi R K. . State of the art metallopolymer based functional nanomaterial for photodetector and solar cell application. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 2022, 32(8): 2807–2826

[58] Khatib M, Zohar O, Haick H. Self-healing soft sensors: From material design to implementation. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(11): 2004190

[59] Wang H, Ma X, Hao Y. Electronic devices for human-machine interfaces. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2017, 4(4): 1600709

[60] Tan Y J, Susanto G J, Anwar Ali H P. . Progress and roadmap for intelligent self-healing materials in autonomous robotics. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(19): 2002800

[61] Cao L N Y, Xu Z, Wang Z L. Application of triboelectric nanogenerator in fluid dynamics sensing: Past and future. Nanomaterials, 2022, 12(19): 3261

[62] SuC CChenJ S. Self-healing polymeric materials. Key Engineering Materials, 2017: Trans Tech Publ

[63] Narayan R, Laberty-Robert C, Pelta J. . Self-healing: An emerging technology for next-generation smart batteries. Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12(17): 2102652

[64] Chaudhary K, Kandasubramanian B. Self-healing nanofibers for engineering applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2022, 61(11): 3789–3816

[65] Ghorbanpour Arani A, Miralaei N, Farazin A. . An extensive review of the repair behavior of smart self-healing polymer matrix composites. Journal of Materials Research, 2023, 38(3): 617–632

[66] Singh A, Verma A, Yadav B C. . Earth-abundant and environmentally benign Ni–Zn iron oxide intercalated in a polyaniline based nanohybrid as an ultrafast photodetector. Dalton Transactions, 2022, 51(20): 7864–7877

[67] KausarA. Polymeric Nanocomposites with Carbonaceous Nanofillers for Aerospace Applications. Woodhead Publishing, 2022

[68] Toohey K S, Sottos N R, Lewis J A. . Self-healing materials with microvascular networks. Nature Materials, 2007, 6(8): 581–585

[69] Invernizzi M, Turri S, Levi M. . 4D printed thermally activated self-healing and shape memory polycaprolactone-based polymers. European Polymer Journal, 2018, 101: 169–176

[70] Xie T. Recent advances in polymer shape memory. Polymer, 2011, 52(22): 4985–5000

[71] Xu J, Shi W, Pang W. Synthesis and shape memory effects of Si–O–Si cross-linked hybrid polyurethanes. Polymer, 2006, 47(1): 457–465

[72] Jiang J, Guan Q, Liu Y. . Abrasion and fracture self-healable triboelectric nanogenerator with ultrahigh stretchability and long-term durability. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(47): 2105380

[73] Ma C, Kim B, Kim S W. . Dynamic halide perovskite heterojunction generates direct current. Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, 14(1): 374–381

[74] Zhao D X, He B J, Johnson C. . Social problems of green buildings: From the humanistic needs to social acceptance. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 51: 1594–1609

[75] Hinchet R, Yoon H J, Ryu H. . Transcutaneous ultrasound energy harvesting using capacitive triboelectric technology. Science, 2019, 365(6452): 491–494

[76] Chen Y, Pu X, Liu M. . Shape-adaptive, self-healable triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced performances by soft solid–solid contact electrification. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(8): 8936–8945

[77] Williams K A, Dreyer D R, Bielawski C W. The underlying chemistry of self-healing materials. MRS Bulletin, 2008, 33(8): 759–765

[78] Aïssa B, Therriault D, Haddad E. . Self-healing materials systems: Overview of major approaches and recent developed technologies. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2012, 854203

[79] Sharma A, Chaudhary P, Verma A. . Novel 3D lightweight carbon foam for ultrasensitive humidity sensor operated at different frequencies. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2023, 12(2): 027004

[80] Guimard N K, Oehlenschlaeger K K, Zhou J. . Current trends in the field of self-healing materials. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 213(2): 131–143

[81] TahirM NOchejeM UWojtkiewiczK, . Self-healing Materials: Design and Applications. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020

[82] Ferguson J B, Schultz B F, Rohatgi P K. Self-healing metals and metal matrix composites. Journal of the Minerals Metals & Materials Society, 2014, 66(6): 866–871

[83] Chen D, Wang D, Yang Y. . Self-healing materials for next-generation energy harvesting and storage devices. Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 7(23): 1700890

[84] Van Ostenburg D O, Montgomery D J. Charge transfer upon contact between metals and insulators. Textile Research Journal, 1958, 28(1): 22–31

[85] Utrera-Barrios S, Verdejo R, López-Manchado M A. . Evolution of self-healing elastomers, from extrinsic to combined intrinsic mechanisms: A review. Materials Horizons, 2020, 7(11): 2882–2902

[86] Xu J, Zou Y, Nashalian A. . Leverage surface chemistry for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2020, 8: 577327

[87] Wool R P, O’connor K M. A theory crack healing in polymers. Journal of Applied Physics, 1981, 52(10): 5953–5963

[88] Ikura R, Park J, Osaki M. . Design of self-healing and self-restoring materials utilizing reversible and movable crosslinks. NPG Asia Materials, 2022, 14(1): 10

[89] Cheng M, Liu J, Liu Y. . Three birds with one stone: Contemporaneously boosting passive, active and self-healing properties for long-term anticorrosion coatings. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 459: 141532

[90] Khosravi H, Naderi R, Ramezanzadeh B. Designing an epoxy composite coating having dual-barrier-active self-healing anti-corrosion functions using a multi-functional GO/PDA/MO nano-hybrid. Materials Today. Chemistry, 2023, 27: 101282

[91] Zheng Z, Wu M, Yang L. . A feasible and versatile strategy to endow rubbers with self-healing based on reversible non-covalent interactions: A concept of self-healing masterbatch. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2022, 247: 110321

[92] Cheng Y, Zhu W, Lu X. . Mechanically robust, stretchable, autonomously adhesive, and environmentally tolerant triboelectric electronic skin for self-powered healthcare monitoring and tactile sensing. Nano Energy, 2022, 102: 107636

[93] Kanjwal M A, Al Ghaferi A. Hybrid nanofibers opportunities and frontiers—A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022, 10(6): 108850

[94] Zhang C, Wang M, Jiang C. . Highly adhesive and self-healing γ-PGA/PEDOT: PSS conductive hydrogels enabled by multiple hydrogen bonding for wearable electronics. Nano Energy, 2022, 95: 106991

[95] Qi M, Yang R, Wang Z. . Bioinspired self-healing soft electronics. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(17): 2214479

[96] Lone S A, Lim K C, Kaswan K. . Recent advancements for improving the performance of triboelectric nanogenerator devices. Nano Energy, 2022, 99: 107318

[97] Vu D L, Ahn K K. Triboelectric enhancement of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane using magnetic nanoparticle for water-based energy harvesting. Polymers, 2022, 14(8): 1547

[98] Bijender A. Recent progress in the fabrication and applications of flexible capacitive and resistive pressure sensors. Sensors and Actuators. A, Physical, 2022, 344: 113770

[99] Tian X, Guo Y, Zhang J. . Performance enhancement strategies of fibrous solar cells for wearable hybrid energy system. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2023, 11(7): 3210–3244

[100] Xie Y, Ma Q, Yue B. . Triboelectric nanogenerator based on flexible Janus nanofiber membrane with simultaneous high charge generation and charge capturing abilities. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 452: 139393

[101] Xie X, Fang Y, Lu C. . Effective interfacial energy band engineering strategy toward high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 452: 139469

[102] Radhakrishnan S, Joseph N, Vighnesh N. . Recent updates on triboelectric nanogenerator based advanced biomedical technologies: A short review. Results in Engineering, 2022, 16: 100782

[103] Jud K, Kausch H H. Load transfer through chain molecules after interpenetration at interfaces. Polymer Bulletin, 1979, 1(10): 697–707

[104] Wang P P, Lee S, Harmon J P. Ethanol-induced crack healing in poly(methyl methacrylate). Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics, 1994, 32(7): 1217–1227

[105] Yang Y, Urban M W. Self-healing polymeric materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 2013, 42(17): 7446–7467

[106] Zhu J, Cheng Y, Hao S. . A self-healing triboelectric nanogenerator based on feathers for sensing and energy harvesting. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(34): 2100039

[107] Huang L B, Dai X, Sun Z. . Environment-resisted flexible high performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on ultrafast self-healing non-drying conductive organohydrogel. Nano Energy, 2021, 82: 105724

[108] Sun F, Liu L, Liu T. . Vascular smooth muscle-inspired architecture enables soft yet tough self-healing materials for durable capacitive strain-sensor. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 130

[109] Jiang J, Guan Q, Liu Y. . Abrasion and fracture self-healable triboelectric nanogenerator with ultrahigh stretchability and long-term durability. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(47): 2105380

[110] Long Y, Chen Y, Liu Y. . A flexible triboelectric nanogenerator based on a super-stretchable and self-healable hydrogel as the electrode. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(24): 12753–12759

[111] Li G, Li L, Zhang P. . Ultra-stretchable and healable hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. RSC Advances, 2021, 11(28): 17437–17444

[112] Guan Q, Lin G, Gong Y. . Highly efficient self-healable and dual responsive hydrogel-based deformable triboelectric nanogenerators for wearable electronics. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 2019, 7(23): 13948–13955

[113] Xu W, Huang L B, Hao J. Fully self-healing and shape-tailorable triboelectric nanogenerators based on healable polymer and magnetic-assisted electrode. Nano Energy, 2017, 40: 399–407

[114] Du Y, Wang X, Dai X. . Ultraflexible, highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding, and self-healable triboelectric nanogenerator based on Ti₃C₂T_x MXene for self-powered wearable electronics. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2022, 100: 1–11

[115] Zhao G, Zhang Y, Shi N. . Transparent and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered tactile sensing. Nano Energy, 2019, 59: 302–310

[116] Singh S, Tripathi R K, Gupta M K. . 2D self-healable polyaniline-polypyrrole nanoflakes based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered solar light photo detector with DFT study. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2021, 600: 572–585

[117] Yang D, Ni Y, Kong X. . Self-healing and elastic triboelectric nanogenerators for muscle motion monitoring and photothermal treatment. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(9): 14653–14661

[118] Singh S, Yadav P, Gupta M K. . Gigantic stimulation in response by solar irradiation in self-healable and self-powered LPG sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator: Experimental and DFT computational study. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 2022, 359: 131573

[119] Luo J, Gao W, Wang Z L. The triboelectric nanogenerator as an innovative technology toward intelligent sports. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(17): 2004178

[120] Sarkar L, Kandala A B, Bonam S. . Flexible polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerator using poly(vinylidene fluoride) and bombyx mori silk. Materials Today Sustainability, 2022, 20: 100230

[121] Wei Z, Ding L, Sun N. . Lead-free CsBi₃I₁₀ perovskite based photo-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy, 2023, 108: 108209

[122] Wang Q, Yu X, Wang J. . Boosting the performance on scale-level of triboelectric nanogenerators by controllable self-triggering. Advanced Energy Materials, 2023, 13(6): 2203707

[123] Elsanadidy E, Mosa I M, Luo D. . Advances in triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered neuromodulation. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(8): 2211177

[124] Qiu H, Wang H, Xu L. . Brownian motor inspired monodirectional continuous spinning triboelectric nanogenerators for extracting energy from irregular gentle water waves. Energy & Environmental Science, 2023, 16(2): 473–483

[125] Lee J H, Hinchet R, Kim S K. . Shape memory polymer-based self-healing triboelectric nanogenerator. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(12): 3605–3613

[126] Idumah C I, Odera S R. Recent advancement in self-healing graphene polymer nanocomposites, shape memory, and coating materials. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 2020, 59(11): 1167–1190

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press 2023