Latest research progress for LBE coolant reactor of China initiative accelerator driven system project

Long GU, Xingkang SU

PDF(3657 KB)
PDF(3657 KB)
Front. Energy ›› 2021, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (4) : 810-831. DOI: 10.1007/s11708-021-0760-1
FEATURE ARTICLE
FEATURE ARTICLE

Latest research progress for LBE coolant reactor of China initiative accelerator driven system project

Author information +
History +

Abstract

China’s accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) development has made significant progress during the past decade. With the successful construction and operation of the international prototype of ADS superconducting proton linac, the lead-based critical/subcritical zero-power facility VENUS-II and the comprehensive thermal-hydraulic and material test facilities for LBE (lead bismuth eutectic) coolant, China is playing a pivotal role in advanced steady-state operations toward the next step, the ADS project. The China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) is the next facility for China’s ADS program, aimed to bridge the gaps between the ADS experiment and the LBE cooled subcritical reactor. The total power of the CiADS will reach 10 MW. The CiADS engineering design was approved by Chinese government in 2018. Since then, the CiADS project has been fully transferred to the construction application stage. The subcritical reactor is an important part of the whole CiADS project. Currently, a pool-type LBE cooled fast reactor is chosen as the subcritical reactor of the CiADS. Physical and thermal experiments and software development for LBE coolant were conducted simultaneously to support the design and construction of the CiADS LBE-cooled subcritical reactor. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the efforts made in China in the LBE-cooled fast reactor to provide certain supporting data and reference solutions for further design and development for ADS. Thus, the roadmap of China’s ADS, the development process of the CiADS, the important design of the current CiADS subcritical reactor, and the efforts to build the LBE-cooled fast reactor are presented.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

LBE (lead bismuth eutectic) coolant reactor / China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) project / research progress

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Long GU, Xingkang SU. Latest research progress for LBE coolant reactor of China initiative accelerator driven system project. Front. Energy, 2021, 15(4): 810‒831 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-021-0760-1

References

[1]
Wang C, Engels A, Wang Z. Overview of research on China’s transition to low-carbon development: the role of cities, technologies, industries and the energy system. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 81: 1350–1364
CrossRef Google scholar
[2]
Chen Y, Martin G, Chabert C, . Prospects in China for nuclear development up to 2050. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2018, 103: 81–90
CrossRef Google scholar
[3]
Andriamonje S, Angelopoulos A, Apostolakis A, . Experimental determination of the energy generated in nuclear cascades by a high energy beam. Physics Letters [Part B], 1995, 348(3–4): 697–709
CrossRef Google scholar
[4]
Rubbia C, Rubio J A, Buono S, . Conceptual design of a fast neutron operated high power energy amplifier. Technical Reports, CERN-AT-95-44 ET, 1995
[5]
NEA-OECD. Physics and Safety of Transmutation Systems: A Status Report. Paris: NEA-OCED, 2006
[6]
Zhan W L, Xu H S. Advanced fission energy program–ADS transmutation system. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012, 27(3): 375–381 (in Chinese)
[7]
Mueller A C. Prospects for transmutation of nuclear waste and associated proton accelerator technology. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 2009, 176(1): 179–191
CrossRef Google scholar
[8]
Salvatores M, Slessarev I, Uematsu M. A global physics approach to transmutation of radioactive nuclei. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 1994, 116(1): 1–18
CrossRef Google scholar
[9]
Bowman C D, Arthur E D, Lisowski P W, . Nuclear energy generation and waste transmutation using an accelerator-driven intense thermal neutron source. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1992, 320(1–2): 336–367
CrossRef Google scholar
[10]
Abderrahim H A, Kupschus P, Malambu E, . MYRRHA: a multipurpose accelerator driven system for research & development. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2001, 463(3): 487–494
CrossRef Google scholar
[11]
Mishima K, Unesaki H, Misawa T, . Research project on accelerator-driven subcritical system using FFAG aaccelerator and Kyoto University critical assembly. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2007, 44(3): 499–503
CrossRef Google scholar
[12]
Ishida S, Sekimoto H. Applicability of dynamic programming to the accelerator-driven system (ADS) fuel cycle shuffling scheme for minor actinide (MA) transmutation. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2010, 37(3): 406–411
CrossRef Google scholar
[13]
Sasa T, Tsujimoto K, Takizuka T, . Code development for the design study of the OMEGA Program accelerator-driven transmutation systems. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2001, 463(3): 495–504
CrossRef Google scholar
[14]
Kurata Y, Takizuka T, Osugi T, . The accelerator driven system strategy in Japan. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2002, 301(1): 1–7
CrossRef Google scholar
[15]
Saito S, Tsujimoto K, Kikuchi K, . Design optimization of ADS plant proposed by JAERI. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2006, 562(2): 646–649
CrossRef Google scholar
[16]
Rubbia C, Aleixandre J, Andriamonje S. A European Roadmap for Developing Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) for Nuclear Waste Incineration. ENEA Report, 2001
[17]
Bianchi F, Artioli C, Burn K W, . Status and trend of core design activities for heavy metal cooled accelerator driven system. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47(17): 2698–2709
CrossRef Google scholar
[18]
Bauer G S, Salvatores M, Heusener G. MEGAPIE, a 1 MW pilot experiment for a liquid metal spallation target. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2001, 296(1–3): 17–33
CrossRef Google scholar
[19]
Groeschel F, Fazio C, Knebel J, . The MEGAPIE 1 MW target in support to ADS development: status of R&D and design. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2004, 335(2): 156–162
CrossRef Google scholar
[20]
Sasa T. Research activities for accelerator-driven transmutation system at JAERI. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2005, 47(1–4): 314–326
CrossRef Google scholar
[21]
Tsujimoto K, Sasa T, Nishihara K, . Accelerator-driven system for transmutation of high-level waste. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2000, 37(1–4): 339–344
CrossRef Google scholar
[22]
Sasa T, Oigawa H, Tsujimoto K, . Research and development on accelerator-driven transmutation system at JAERI. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 230(1–3): 209–222
CrossRef Google scholar
[23]
Park W S, Shin U, Han S J, . HYPER (hybrid power extraction reactor): a system for clean nuclear energy. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2000, 199(1–2): 155–165
CrossRef Google scholar
[24]
Gokhale P A, Deokattey S, Kumar V. Accelerator driven systems (ADS) for energy production and waste transmutation: International trends in R&D. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2006, 48(2): 91–102
CrossRef Google scholar
[25]
Maiorino J R, Santos A D, Pereira S A. The utilization of accelerators in subcritical systems for energy generation and nuclear waste transmutation: the world status and a proposal of a national R&D program. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 2003, 33(2): 267–272
CrossRef Google scholar
[26]
Mansur L K, Gabriel T A, Haines J R, . R&D for the spallation neutron source mercury target. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2001, 296(1–3): 1–16
CrossRef Google scholar
[27]
Abderrahim H A, D’hondt P. MYRRHA: A European experimental ADS for R&D applications status at Mid-2005 and prospective towards implementation. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2007, 44(3): 491–498
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
Engelen J, Aït Abderrahim H, Baeten P, . MYRRHA: preliminary front-end engineering design. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(44): 15137–15147
CrossRef Google scholar
[29]
Korepanova N, Gu L, Zhang L, . Evaluation of displacement cross-section for neutron-irradiated 15-15Ti steel and its swelling behavior in CiADS radiation environment. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2019, 133: 937–949
CrossRef Google scholar
[30]
Huang Y L, Liu L B, Jiang T C, . 650 MHz elliptical superconducting RF cavities for CiADS project. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2020, 988: 164906
CrossRef Google scholar
[31]
Yu R, Gu L, Sheng X, . Review of fuel assembly design in lead-based fast reactors and research progress in fuel assembly of China initiative accelerator driven system. International Journal of Energy Research, 2021, 45(8): 11552–11563
CrossRef Google scholar
[32]
Xiao G Q, Xu H S, Wang S C. HIAF and CiADS national research facilities: progress and prospect. Nuclear Physics Review, 2017, 34(3): 275–283 (in Chinese)
[33]
Xu Y C, Kang F L, Sheng X Y. Study on the development of accelerator driven system (ADS) and its spallation target. Nuclear Science and Techniques, 2016, 04(3): 88–97 (in Chinese)
CrossRef Google scholar
[34]
Dai G X. Nuclear power station driven by accelerator-auxiliary—a clean nuclear energy source. Nuclear Physics Review, 1996, 13(4): 53–58 (in Chinese)
[35]
Fang S X, Wang N Y, He D H, . Suggestions on accelerator driving sub-critical system (ADS) and sustainable development of nuclear energy. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Science, 2009, 24(6): 641–644 (in Chinese)
[36]
Luo P, Wang S C, Hu Z G, . Accelerator driven sub-critical systems—a promising solution for cycling nuclear fuel. Physics (College Park, Md.), 2016, 45(9): 569–577 (in Chinese)
[37]
Ding D Z. The basic research on physics and technology related to the accelerator driven radioactive clean nuclear power system(ADS). China Basic Science, 2001(1): 15–20 (in Chinese)
[38]
Zhan W L, Yang L, Yan X S, . Accelerator-driven advanced nuclear energy system and its research progress. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2019, 53(10): 1809–1815
[39]
Li J Y, Gu L, Yao C, . Neutronic study on a new concept of accelerator driven subcritical system in China. In: 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, London, UK, 2018
[40]
Li J Y, Gu L, Wang D W, . The three dimensional immersive training platform for China initiative accelerator driven subcritical system. In: 27th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Ibaraki, Japan, 2019
[41]
Li J Y, Dai Y, Gu L, . Genetic algorithm based temperature control of the dense granular spallation target in China initiative accelerator driven system. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2021, 154(2): 108127
CrossRef Google scholar
[42]
Wang G. A review of research progress in heat exchanger tube rupture accident of heavy liquid metal cooled reactors. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2017, 109: 1–8
CrossRef Google scholar
[43]
Peng T J, Gu L, Wang D W, . Conceptual design of subcritical reactor for Chinese accelerator driven transmutation research facility. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2017, 51(12): 2235–2241
[44]
Shriwise P C, Davis A, Wilson P P H. Leveraging intel’s embree ray tracing in the DAGMC Toolkit. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, 2015, 113(pt.1): 717–720
[45]
Li J Y, Gu L, Xu H S, . FreeCAD based modeling study on MCNPX for accelerator driven system. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2018, 107: 100–109
CrossRef Google scholar
[46]
Li J Y, Gu L, Xu H S, . CAD modeling study on FLUKA and OpenMC for accelerator driven system simulation. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2018, 114: 329–341
CrossRef Google scholar
[47]
Seifried J E, Gorman P M, Vujic J L, . Accelerated equilibrium core composition search using a new MCNP-based simulator. In: Joint International Conference on Supercomputing in Nuclear Applications+ Monte Carlo, Paris, France, 2013
CrossRef Google scholar
[48]
Li J Y, Gu L, Yu R, . Development and validation of burnup-transport code system OMCB for accelerator driven system. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2017, 324: 360–371
CrossRef Google scholar
[49]
Li J Y, Gu L, Xu H S, . The PyNE-Based burnup analysis method for accelerator-driven subcritical systems. Nuclear Technology, 2021, 207(2): 270–284
CrossRef Google scholar
[50]
Moorthi A, Kumar Sharma A, Velusamy K. A review of sub-channel thermal hydraulic codes for nuclear reactor core and future directions. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2018, 332(JUN): 329–344
CrossRef Google scholar
[51]
Roelofs F, Gopala V R, Jayaraju S, . Review of fuel assembly and pool thermal hydraulics for fast reactors. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2013, 265: 1205–1222
CrossRef Google scholar
[52]
Grötzbach G. Challenges in low-Prandtl number heat transfer simulation and modelling. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2013, 264: 41–55
CrossRef Google scholar
[53]
Kays W M. Turbulent Prandtl number—where are we? ASME Transactions Journal of Heat Transfer, 1994, 116(2): 284–295
CrossRef Google scholar
[54]
Manservisi S, Menghini F. A CFD four parameter heat transfer turbulence model for engineering applications in heavy liquid metals. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2014, 69(feb): 312–326
CrossRef Google scholar
[55]
Manservisi S, Menghini F. Triangular rod bundle simulations of a CFD k-ε-kθθ heat transfer turbulence model for heavy liquid metals. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2014, 273: 251–270
CrossRef Google scholar
[56]
Manservisi S, Menghini F. CFD simulations in heavy liquid metal flows for square lattice bare rod bundle geometries with a four parameter heat transfer turbulence model. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2015, 295(DEC): 251–260
CrossRef Google scholar
[57]
Cerroni D, Da Vià R, Manservisi S, . Numerical validation of a k-ε-kθθ heat transfer turbulence model for heavy liquid metals. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2015, 655(1): 012046
CrossRef Google scholar
[58]
Cervone A, Chierici A, Chirco L, . CFD simulation of turbulent flows over wire-wrapped nuclear reactor bundles using immersed boundary method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, 1599(1): 012022
CrossRef Google scholar
[59]
Chierici A, Chirco L, Da Vià R, . Numerical simulation of a turbulent Lead Bismuth Eutectic flow inside a 19 pin nuclear reactor bundle with a four logarithmic parameter turbulence model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019, 1224(1): 012030
CrossRef Google scholar
[60]
Da Vià R, Manservisi S, Menghini F. A k–Ω–kθ–Ωθ four parameter logarithmic turbulence model for liquid metals. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2016, 101(oct): 1030–1041
CrossRef Google scholar
[61]
Da Vià R, Giovacchini V, Manservisi SA logarithmic turbulent heat transfer model in applications with liquid metals for Pr = 0.01–0.025. Applied Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 10(12): 4337
CrossRef Google scholar
[62]
Da Vià R, Manservisi S. Numerical simulation of forced and mixed convection turbulent liquid sodium flow over a vertical backward facing step with a four parameter turbulence model. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 135: 591–603
CrossRef Google scholar
[63]
Weller H G, Tabor G, Jasak H, . A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques. Computers in Physics, 1998, 12(6): 620–631
CrossRef Google scholar
[64]
Moukalled F, Mangani L, Darwish M. The Finite Volume Method in Computational Fluid Dynamics. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, 2016
[65]
Shams A, De Santis A, Roelofs F. An overview of the AHFM-NRG formulations for the accurate prediction of turbulent flow and heat transfer in low-Prandtl number flows. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2019, 355: 110342
CrossRef Google scholar
[66]
Carteciano L N, Weinberg D, Müller U. Development and analysis of a turbulence model for buoyant flows. In: 4th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Bruxelles, Belgium
[67]
Asada T, Aizawa R, Suzuki T, . 3D MHD simulation of pressure drop and fluctuation in electromagnetic pump flow. Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2015, 2(5): 15–00230
CrossRef Google scholar
[68]
Araseki H, Kirillov I R, Preslitsky G V, . Magnetohydrodynamic instability in annular linear induction pump: Part I. experiment and numerical analysis. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 227(1): 29–50
CrossRef Google scholar
[69]
Zhang Q Y, Gu L, Peng T J, . Safety analysis of CiADS subcritical reactor fuel cladding under beam transient. Nuclear Power Engineering, 2018, 39(5): 51–57 (in Chinese)
CrossRef Google scholar
[70]
Zhang Q Y, Peng T J, Sheng X, . Response characteristics of CiADS subcritical reactor fuel cladding under beam transient. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2018, 52(05): 931–936
[71]
Van Uffelen P, Hales J, Li W, . A review of fuel performance modelling. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2019, 516: 373–412
CrossRef Google scholar
[72]
Wu K, Welfert B D, Lopez J M. Complex dynamics in a stratified lid-driven square cavity flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2018, 855: 43–66
CrossRef Google scholar
[73]
Cai T. A semi-implicit spectral method for compressible convection of rotating and density-stratified flows in Cartesian geometry. Journal of Computational Physics, 2016, 310: 342–360
CrossRef Google scholar
[74]
Alam M R, Liu Y, Yue D K P. Waves due to an oscillating and translating disturbance in a two-layer density-stratified fluid. Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 2009, 65(2): 179–200
CrossRef Google scholar
[75]
Baranowski B, Kawczyński A L. Experimental determination of the critical rayleigh number in electrolyte solutions with concentration polarization. Electrochimica Acta, 1972, 17(4): 695–699
CrossRef Google scholar
[76]
Aurnou J M, Olson P L. Experiments on Rayleigh–Bénard convection, magnetoconvection and rotating magnetoconvection in liquid gallium. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2001, 430: 283–307
CrossRef Google scholar
[77]
Carsten S, Olaf W, Aleksandr S, . Corrosion kinetics of Steel T91 in flowing oxygen-containing lead–bismuth eutectic at 450°C. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2012, 431(1–3): 105–112
CrossRef Google scholar
[78]
Ejenstam J, Szakálos P. Long term corrosion resistance of alumina forming austenitic stainless steels in liquid lead. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2015, 461: 164–170
CrossRef Google scholar
[79]
Sedov L I. Similarity and Dimensional Methods in Mechanics. 10th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1993
[80]
Su G Y, Gu H Y, Cheng X. Experimental and numerical studies on free surface flow of windowless target. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2012, 43: 142–149
CrossRef Google scholar
[81]
Batchelor G K. The application of the similarity theory of turbulence to atmospheric diffusion. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1950, 76(328): 133–146
CrossRef Google scholar
[82]
Fan D J, Peng T J, . Periodicity and transversal pressure distribution in a Wire-wrapped 19-Pin fuel assembly. International Journal of Energy Research, 2020, 45(8): 11837–11850
CrossRef Google scholar
[83]
Shi Y Q, Xia P, Luo Z L, . ADS sub-critical experimental assembly–Venus 1#. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2005, 5: 447–450
[84]
Jiang W. Experimental and simulation study of the coupling neutronic behavior of the reactor and spallation target based on Venus II zero-power device. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Hefei: University of science and Technology of China, 2018 (in Chinese)
[85]
Zhu Q F, Luo H D, Zhang W, . Application of source–Jerk method on Venus 1# sub-critical assembly. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2010, 44(05): 567–570
[86]
Liu F, Shi Y Q, Zhu Q F, . Measurement of effective delayed neutron fraction for ADS Venus 1# sub-criticality reactor. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2016, 50(08): 1445–1448
[87]
Cao J, Shi Y Q, Xia P, . ADS transmutation research based on Venus 1#. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2012, 46(10): 1185–1188
[88]
Zhu Q F, Zhou Q, Zhang W, . ADS Venus-II critical extrapolation experiment. Annual Report of China Institute of Atomic Energy, 2017, (00): 106–107
[89]
Liu Y, Zhou Q, Zhu Q F, . Reactivity measurement of solid spallation target in Venus-II by period method. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2018, 52(10): 1769–1773
[90]
Wan B, Zhou Q, Chen L, . Reactivity measurement at Venus-II during control rods drop based on inverse kinetics method. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2018, 338: 284–289
CrossRef Google scholar
[91]
Wan B, Luo H D, Ma F, . Subcriticality monitoring for lead-based zero power reactor Venus-II using pulsed neutron source method. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2018 52(10): 1762–1768
[92]
Liu F, Zhang W, Liu Y, . ADS Venus II neutron spectrum measurement experiment. Annual Report of China Institute of Atomic Energy, 2017: 111–112
[93]
Wang F, Zhu Q F, Chen X X, . Fission rate distribution research for Venus II fast neutron spectrum zone. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2018, 52(1): 107–111
[94]
Jiang W, Gu L, Zhou Q, . Measurement of tungsten reactivity worth on VENUS-II light water reactor and validation of evaluated nuclear data. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2018, 108: 81–88
CrossRef Google scholar
[95]
Gu L, Chen L, Zhou Q, . Measurement of tungsten granular target worth on VENUS-II light water reactor and validation of the granular target model. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2021, 150: 107825
CrossRef Google scholar
[96]
Jiang W, Gu L, Zhu Q F, . Experimental and simulation study on fuel rod value of VENUS-II light water reactor. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2018, 52(09): 1665–1670
[97]
Zhang L, Yang Y W, Ma F, . Deterministic simulation of the static neutronic characteristics for the lead core of VENUS-II facility. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2019, 353: 110258
CrossRef Google scholar
[98]
Jiang W, Gu L, Zhu Q F, . Reactivity worth measurement of the lead target on VENUS-II light water reactor and validation of evaluated nuclear data. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2021, 154: 108106
CrossRef Google scholar
[99]
Jiang W, Gu L, Zhang L, . Validation of neutron evaluated data based on the experimental reactivity worth of tungsten target in CiADS. EPJ Web Conference, 2020, 225: 04026
CrossRef Google scholar
[100]
Zhang J S, Li N. Review of the studies on fundamental issues in LBE corrosion. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2008, 373(1–3): 351–377
CrossRef Google scholar
[101]
Park J J, Butt D P, Beard C A. Review of liquid metal corrosion issues for potential containment materials for liquid lead and lead–bismuth eutectic spallation targets as a neutron source. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2000, 196(3): 315–325
CrossRef Google scholar
[102]
Zhang J S. A review of steel corrosion by liquid lead and lead-bismuth. Corrosion Science, 2009, 51(6): 1207–1227
CrossRef Google scholar
[103]
Zhang J, Hosemann P, Maloy S. Models of liquid metal corrosion. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2010, 404(1): 82–96
CrossRef Google scholar

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Special Fund of Shanghai Municipal Economic and Informatization Commission (GYQJ-2018-2-02).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2021 Higher Education Press
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(3657 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/