Catalytic steam reforming of tar for enhancing hydrogen production from biomass gasification: a review

Abstract

Presently, the global search for alternative renewable energy sources is rising due to the depletion of fossil fuel and rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among alternatives, hydrogen (H₂) produced from biomass gasification is considered a green energy sector, due to its environmentally friendly, sustainable, and renewable characteristics. However, tar formation along with syngas is a severe impediment to biomass conversion efficiency, which results in process-related problems. Typically, tar consists of various hydrocarbons (HCs), which are also sources for syngas. Hence, catalytic steam reforming is an effective technique to address tar formation and improve H₂ production from biomass gasification. Of the various classes in existence, supported metal catalysts are considered the most promising. This paper focuses on the current researching status, prospects, and challenges of steam reforming of gasified biomass tar. Besides, it includes recent developments in tar compositional analysis, supported metal catalysts, along with the reactions and process conditions for catalytic steam reforming. Moreover, it discusses alternatives such as dry and autothermal reforming of tar.

Keywords

hydrogen / biomass gasification / tar / steam reforming / catalyst

References

[1] Nikolaidis P, Poullikkas A. A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 67: 597–611

[2] Idrees M, Rangari V, Jeelani S. Sustainable packaging waste-derived activated carbon for carbon dioxide capture. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2018, 26: 380–387

[3] Yaumi A L, Bakar M Z A, Hameed B H. Recent advances in functionalized composite solid materials for carbon dioxide capture. Energy, 2017, 124: 461–480

[4] Triantafyllidis S, Ries R J, Kaplanidou K K. Carbon dioxide emissions of spectators’ transportation in collegiate sporting events: cmparing on-campus and off-campus stadium locations. Sustainability, 2018, 10(1): 241

[5] US Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of US greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2014. Washington: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2016

[6] Sreenivasulu B, Gayatri D V, Sreedhar I, Raghavan K V. A journey into the process and engineering aspects of carbon capture technologies. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 41: 1324–1350

[7] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate. Climate Cange 2014: Migation of Cimate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015

[8] Berry P, Ogawa-Onishi Y, McVey A. The vulnerability of threatened species: adaptive capability and adaptation opportunity. Biology (Basel), 2013, 2(3): 872–893

[9] Abdalla A M, Hossain S, Petra P M, Ghasemi M, Azad A K. Achievements and trends of solid oxide fuel cells in clean energy field: a perspective review. Frontiers in Energy, 2018, online, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0546-2

[10] International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2017. Paris. France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2017

[11] Parthasarathy P, Narayanan K S. Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomass: influence of process parameters on hydrogen yield—a review. Renewable Energy, 2014, 66: 570–579

[12] Kalamaras C M, Efstathiou A M. Hydrogen production technologies: current state and future developments. Conference Papers in Energy. London. UK: Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2013

[13] Riis T, Hagen E F, Vie P J, Ulleberg Ø. Hydrogen production and storage-R&D: priorities and gaps. IEA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2006

[14] Dodds P E, Staffell I, Hawkes A D, Li F, Grünewald P, McDowall W, Ekins P. Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for heating: a review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(5): 2065–2083

[15] Pei A, Zhang L, Jiang B, Guo L, Zhang X, Lv Y, Jin H. Hydrogen production by biomass gasification in supercritical or subcritical water with raney-Ni and other catalysts. Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China, 2009, 3(4): 456–464

[16] Moud P H, Kantarelis E, Andersson K J, Engvall K. Biomass pyrolysis gas conditioning over an iron-based catalyst for mild deoxygenation and hydrogen production. Fuel, 2018, 211: 149–158

[17] Sumrunronnasak S, Tantayanon S, Kiatgamolchai S, Sukonket T. Improved hydrogen production from dry reforming reaction using a catalytic packed-bed membrane reactor with Ni-based catalyst and dense pdagcu alloy membrane. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(4): 2621–2630

[18] Hosseini S E, Wahid M A, Ganjehkaviri A. An overview of renewable hydrogen production from thermochemical process of oil palm solid waste in Malaysia. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 94: 415–429

[19] Bhattacharyya R, Sandeep K, Kamath S, Mistry K. Hydrogen from alkaline water electrolysis: a case study on process economics of decentralized production in the present indian scenario. Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering, 2018, 4(3): 1–17

[20] Lin M Y, Hourng L W, Huang S H, Tsai T H, Hsu W N. Analysis and study on polarization during water electrolysis hydrogen production. Chemical Engineering Communications, 2017, 204(2): 168–175

[21] Gu X, Yuan S, Ma M, Zhu J. Nanoenhanced materials for photolytic hydrogen production. Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability, 2017: 629–648

[22] Chu K H, Ye L, Wang W, Wu D, Chan D K L, Zeng C, Yip H Y. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production from aqueous sulfide/sulfite solution by ZnO_0.6S_0.4 with simultaneous dye degradation under visible-light irradiation. Chemosphere, 2017, 47: 9873–9880

[23] Jacobs J D. Economic modeling of cost effective hydrogen production from water electrolysis by utilizing Iceland’s regulatory power market. Dissertation for the Degree of Master of Science. Iceland: Reykjavik University, 2016

[24] Artetxe M, Alvarez J, Nahil M A, Olazar M, Williams P T. Steam reforming of different biomass tar model compounds over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 136: 119–126

[25] Chiodo V, Urbani F, Zafarana G, Prestipino M, Galvagno A, Maisano S. Syngas production by catalytic steam gasification of citrus residues. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(46): 28048–28055

[26] Molino A, Chianese S, Musmarra D. Biomass gasification technology: the state of the art overview. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2016, 25(1): 10–25

[27] Hosseini S E, Wahid M A. Hydrogen production from renewable and sustainable energy resources: promising green energy carrier for clean development. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 57: 850–866

[28] Hernández J, Ballesteros R, Aranda G. Characterisation of tars from biomass gasification: effect of the operating conditions. Energy, 2013, 50: 333–342

[29] Singh R, Singh S, Balwanshi J. Tar removal from producer gas: a review. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2014, 3: 16–22

[30] Valderrama Rios M L, González A M, Lora E E S, Almazán del Olmo O A. Reduction of tar generated during biomass gasification: a review. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2018, 108: 345–370

[31] Artetxe M, Nahil M A, Olazar M, Williams P T. Steam reforming of phenol as biomass tar model compound over Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Fuel, 2016, 184: 629–636

[32] Yoon S J, Choi Y C, Lee J G. Hydrogen production from biomass tar by catalytic steam reforming. Energy Conversion and Management, 2010, 51(1): 42–47

[33] Nakamura S, Kitano S, Yoshikawa K. Biomass gasification process with the tar removal technologies utilizing bio-oil scrubber and char bed. Applied Energy, 2016, 170: 186–192

[34] Osipovs S, Pučkins A. Choice the filter for tar removal from syngas. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific and Practical Conference, Rezekne: Rezekne Academy of Technologies, 2017, 211–215

[35] Choi Y K, Ko J H, Kim J S. Gasification of dried sewage sludge using an innovative three-stage gasifier: clean and H₂-rich gas production using condensers as the only secondary tar removal apparatus. Fuel, 2018, 216: 810–817

[36] Woolcock P J, Brown R C. A review of cleaning technologies for biomass-derived syngas. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013, 52: 54–84

[37] Ersoz A, Olgun H, Ozdogan S. Reforming options for hydrogen production from fossil fuels for pem fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 154(1): 67–73

[38] McGlocklin K. Economic analysis of various reforming techniques and fuel sources for hydrogen production. Dissertation for the Degree of Master of Science. Auburn: Auburn University, 2006

[39] Myers D B, Ariff G D, James B D, Lettow J S, Thomas C E, Kuhn R C. Cost and performance comparison of stationary hydrogen fueling appliances. In: Proceedings of the 2002 US DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Arlington: Directed Technologies, 2002

[40] Forsberg O. Catalytic tar reforming in biomass gasification: tungsten bronzes and the effect of gas alkali during tar steam reforming. Dissertation for the Master Degree. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2014

[41] Qian K, Kumar A. Catalytic reforming of toluene and naphthalene (model tar) by char supported nickel catalyst. Fuel, 2017, 187: 128–136

[42] Meng J, Zhao Z, Wang X, Wu X, Zheng A, Huang Z, Zhao K, Li H. Effects of catalyst preparation parameters and reaction operating conditions on the activity and stability of thermally fused Fe-olivine catalyst in the steam reforming of toluene. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(1): 127–138

[43] Takise K, Manabe S, Muraguchi K, Higo T, Ogo S, Sekine Y. Anchoring effect and oxygen redox property of Co/La_0.7Sr_0.3AlO_3–d perovskite catalyst on toluene steam reforming reaction. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2017, 538: 181–189

[44] de Castro T P, Silveira E B, Rabelo-Neto R C, Borges L E P, Noronha F B. Study of the performance of Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/CeO₂/Al₂ catalysts for steam reforming of toluene, methane and mixtures. Catalysis Today, 2018, 299: 251–262

[45] Oh G, Park S Y, Seo M W, Kim Y K, Ra H W, Lee J G, Yoon S J. Ni/Ru–Mn/Al₂O₃ catalysts for steam reforming of toluene as model biomass tar. Renewable Energy, 2016, 86: 841–847

[46] Chen J, Tamura M, Nakagawa Y, Okumura K, Tomishige K. Promoting effect of trace Pd on hydrotalcite-derived Ni/Mg/Al catalyst in oxidative steam reforming of biomass tar. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, 179: 412–421

[47] Zhao X, Xue Y, Lu Z, Huang Y, Guo C, Yan C. Encapsulating Ni/CeO₂-ZrO₂ with SiO₂ layer to improve it catalytic activity for steam reforming of toluene. Catalysis Communications, 2017, 101: 138–141

[48] Heo D H, Lee R, Hwang J H, Sohn J M. The effect of addition of Ca, K and Mn over Ni-based catalyst on steam reforming of toluene as model tar compound. Catalysis Today, 2016, 265: 95–102

[49] Zou X, Chen T, Zhang P, Chen D, He J, Dang Y, Ma Z, Chen Y, Toloueinia P, Zhu C, Xie J, Liu H, Suib S L. High catalytic performance of Fe-Ni/palygorskite in the steam reforming of toluene for hydrogen production. Applied Energy, 2018, 226: 827–837

[50] Ben-Iwo J, Manovic V, Longhurst P. Biomass resources and biofuels potential for the production of transportation fuels in nigeria. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 63: 172–192

[51] Feng Y, Xiao B, Goerner K, Cheng G, Wang J. Influence of catalyst and temperature on gasification performance by externally heated gasifier. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2011, 2(03): 177–183

[52] Kumar A, Jones D D, Hanna M A. Thermochemical biomass gasification: a review of the current status of the technology. Energies, 2009, 2(3): 556–581

[53] Li C, Suzuki K. Tar property, analysis, reforming mechanism and model for biomass gasification—an overview. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13(3): 594–604

[54] Guan G, Hao X, Abudula A. Heterogeneous catalysts from natural sources for tar removal: a mini review. Journal of Advanced Catalysis Science and Technology, 2014, 1(1): 20–28

[55] Yu H, Zhang Z, Li Z, Chen D. Characteristics of tar formation during cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin gasification. Fuel, 2014, 118: 250–256

[56] Marano J J. Benchmarking biomass gasification technologies for fuels, chemicals and hydrogen production. US: National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2002

[57] Etutu T G, Laohalidanond K, Kerdsuwan S. Gasification of municipal solid waste in a downdraft gasifier: analysis of tar formation. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 2016, 38(2): 221–228

[58] Berrueco C, Montané D, Matas Güell B, del Alamo G. Effect of temperature and dolomite on tar formation during gasification of torrefied biomass in a pressurized fluidized bed. Energy, 2014, 66: 849–859

[59] Erkiaga A, Lopez G, Amutio M, Bilbao J, Olazar M. Influence of operating conditions on the steam gasification of biomass in a conical spouted bed reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 237: 259–267

[60] Qin Y H, Feng J, Li W Y. Formation of tar and its characterization during air-steam gasification of sawdust in a fluidized bed reactor. Fuel, 2010, 89(7): 1344–1347

[61] Klein A, Themelis N J. Energy recovery from municipal solid wastes by gasification. In: 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, Tampa: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003, 241–252

[62] Shen Y, Yoshikawa K. Recent progresses in catalytic tar elimination during biomass gasification or pyrolysis—a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 21: 371–392

[63] Di Carlo A, Borello D, Sisinni M, Savuto E, Venturini P, Bocci E, Kuramoto K. Reforming of tar contained in a raw fuel gas from biomass gasification using nickel-mayenite catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(30): 9088–9095

[64] Wolfesberger U, Aigner I, Hofbauer H. Tar content and composition in producer gas of fluidized bed gasification of wood-influence of temperature and pressure. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2009, 28(3): 372–379

[65] Nemanova V, Nordgreen T, Sjostrom K. Green methane from biomass gasification: final report. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2010

[66] Riis T, Hagen E F, Vie P J, Ulleberg Ø. Hydrogen production–gaps and priorities. IEA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement, 2006

[67] Ghoneim S A, El-Salamony R A, El-Temtamy S A. Review on innovative catalytic reforming of natural gas to syngas. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2016, 4(01): 116–139

[68] Obonukut M E, Alabi S B, Bassey P G. Steam reforming of natural gas: a value addition to natural gas utilization in Nigeria. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2016, 1: 28–41

[69] Coll R, Salvado J, Farriol X, Montané D. Steam reforming model compounds of biomass gasification tars: conversion at different operating conditions and tendency towards coke formation. Fuel Processing Technology, 2001, 74(1): 19–31

[70] Guan G, Kaewpanha M, Hao X, Abudula A. Catalytic steam reforming of biomass tar: prospects and challenges. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 58: 450–461

[71] Laosiripojana N, Sutthisripok W, Charojrochkul S, Assabumrungrat S. Development of Ni-Fe bimetallic based catalysts for biomass tar cracking/reforming: effects of catalyst support and Co-fed reactants on tar conversion characteristics. Fuel Processing Technology, 2014, 127: 26–32

[72] Rached J A, El Hayek C, Dahdah E, Genneqiun C, Aouad S, Tidahy H L, Estephane J, Nsouli B, Aboukaïs A, Abi-Aad E. Ni based catalysts promoted with cerium used in the steam reforming of toluene for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 42: 12829–12840

[73] Silveira E, Rabelo-Neto R, Noronha F. Steam reforming of toluene, methane and mixtures over Ni/ZrO₂ catalysts. Catalysis Today, 2017, 289: 289–301

[74] Josuinkas F M, Quitete C P, Ribeiro N F, Souza M M V M. Steam reforming of model gasification tar compounds over nickel catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite precursors. Fuel Processing Technology, 2014, 121: 76–82

[75] Ashok J, Kawi S. Steam reforming of toluene as a biomass tar model compound over CeO₂ promoted Ni/CaO-Al₂O₃ catalytic systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(32): 13938–13949

[76] Chitsazan S, Sepehri S, Garbarino G, Carnasciali M M, Busca G. Steam reforming of biomass-derived organics: interactions of different mixture components on Ni/Al₂O₃ based catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 187: 386–398

[77] Sehested J, Larsen N W, Falsig H, Hinnemann B. Sintering of nickel steam reforming catalysts: effective mass diffusion constant for Ni-OH at nickel surfaces. Catalysis Today, 2014, 228: 22–31

[78] Sehested J. Four challenges for nickel steam-reforming catalysts. Catalysis Today, 2006, 111(1–2): 103–110

[79] Vivanpatarakij S, Rulerk D, Assabumrungrat S. Removal of tar from biomass gasification process by steam reforming over nickel catalysts. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2014, 37: 205–210

[80] An L, Dong C, Yang Y, Zhang J, He L. The influence of Ni loading on coke formation in steam reforming of acetic acid. Renewable Energy, 2011, 36(3): 930–935

[81] Wojcieszak R, Zieliński M, Monteverdi S, Bettahar M M. Study of nickel nanoparticles supported on activated carbon prepared by aqueous hydrazine reduction. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006, 299(1): 238–248

[82] Park H J, Park S H, Sohn J M, Park J, Jeon J K, Kim S S, Park Y K. Steam reforming of biomass gasification tar using benzene as a model compound over various Ni supported metal oxide catalysts. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(1): S101–S103

[83] Kim H W, Kang K M, Kwak H Y. Preparation of supported ni catalysts with a core/shell structure and their catalytic tests of partial oxidation of methane. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34(8): 3351–3359

[84] Kaewpanha M, Karnjanakom S, Guan G, Hao X, Yang J, Abudula A. Removal of biomass tar by steam reforming over calcined scallop shell supported Cu catalysts. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2017, 26(4): 660–666

[85] Zhao X Y, Xue Y P, Yan C F, Wang Z, Guo C, Huang S. Sorbent assisted catalyst of Ni-CaO-La₂O₃ for sorption enhanced steam reforming of bio-oil with acetic acid as the model compound. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2017, 119: 106–112

[86] Sisinni M, Di Carlo A, Bocci E, Micangeli A, Naso V. Hydrogen-rich gas production by sorption enhanced steam reforming of woodgas containing tar over a commercial ni catalyst and calcined dolomite as CO₂ sorbent. Energies, 2013, 6(7): 3167–3181

[87] Iida H, Noguchi K, Numa T, Igarashi A, Okumura K. Ru/12SrO–7Al₂O₃ (S1₂A₇) catalyst prepared by physical mixing with Ru(PPh₃)₃Cl₂ for steam reforming of toluene. Catalysis Communications, 2015, 72: 101–104

[88] Reina T R, Ivanova S, Laguna O, Centeno M A, Odriozola J A. WGS and CO-PrO_x reactions using gold promoted copper-ceria catalysts: bulk CuOCeO₂ vs. CuOCeO₂/Al₂O₃ with low mixed oxide content. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 197: 62–72

[89] Reina T R, Ivanova S, Delgado J J, Ivanov I. Viability of Au/CeO₂–ZnO/Al₂O catalysts for pure hydrogen production by the water-gas shift reaction. ChemCatChem, 2014, 6(5): 1401–1409

[90] Zhou H P, Wu H S, Shen J, Yin A X, Sun L D, Yan C H. Thermally stable Pt/CeO₂ hetero-nanocomposites with high catalytic activity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2010, 132(14): 4998–4999

[91] Lin F H, Doong R A. Catalytic nanoreactors of Au@Fe₃O₄ yolk-shell nanostructures with various Au sizes for efficient nitroarene reduction. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 121(14): 7844–7853

[92] Nan Beurden P. On the catalytic aspects of steam-methane reforming. Report No.: I-04–003. Petten: Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2004

[93] Bossola F, Pereira-Hernández X I, Evangelisti C, Wang Y, Dal Santo V. Investigation of the promoting effect of mn on a Pt/C catalyst for the steam and aqueous phase reforming of glycerol. Journal of Catalysis, 2017, 349: 75–83

[94] Jeong J H, Lee J W, Seo D J, Seo Y, Yoon W L, Lee D K, Kim D H. Ru-doped ni catalysts effective for the steam reforming of methane without the pre-reduction treatment with H₂. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2006, 302(2): 151–156

[95] Xie C, Chen Y, Engelhard M H, Song C. Comparative study on the sulfur tolerance and carbon resistance of supported noble metal catalysts in steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuel. ACS Catalysis, 2012, 2(6): 1127–1137

[96] Zhou H, Zhang T, Sui Z, Zhu Y A, Han C, Zhu K, Zhou X. A single source method to generate Ru-Ni-MgO catalysts for methane dry reforming and the kinetic effect of Ru on carbon deposition and gasification. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 233: 143–159

[97] Higo T, Saito H, Ogo S, Sugiura Y, Sekine Y. Promotive effect of ba addition on the catalytic performance of Ni/LaAlO₃ catalysts for steam reforming of toluene. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2017, 530: 125–131

[98] Oemar U, Ang M L, Hee W F, Hidajat K, Kawi S. Perovskite La_xM_1−xNi_0.8Fe_0.2O₃ catalyst for steam reforming of toluene: crucial role of alkaline earth metal at low steam condition. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 148–149: 231–242

[99] Kang S, Sub Kwak B, Kang M. Synthesis of ni-alkaline earth metals particles encapsulated by porous SiO₂ (NiMO@SiO₂)and their catalytic performances on ethanol steam reforming. Ceramics International, 2014, 40(9): 14197–14206

[100] Yin K, Mahamulkar S, Xie J, Shibata H, Malek A, Li L, Jones C W, Agrawal P, Davis R J. Catalytic reactions of coke with dioxygen and steam over alkaline-earth-metal-doped cerium-zirconium mixed oxides. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2017, 535: 17–23

[101] Yang L, Choi Y, Qin W, Chen H, Blinn K, Liu M, Liu P, Bai J, Tyson T A, Liu M. Promotion of water-mediated carbon removal by nanostructured barium oxide/nickel interfaces in solid oxide fuel cells. Nature Communications, 2011, 2(1): 357

[102] Hu S, He L, Wang Y, Su S, Jiang L, Chen Q, Liu Q, Chi H, Xiang J, Sun L. Effects of oxygen species from Fe addition on promoting steam reforming of toluene over Fe–Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(40): 17967–17975

[103] Karnjanakom S, Guan G, Asep B, Du X, Hao X, Samart C, Abudula A. Catalytic steam reforming of tar derived from steam gasification of sunflower stalk over ethylene glycol assisting prepared Ni/MCM-41. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 98: 359–368

[104] Dam A H. Bimetallic catalyst system for steam reforming. Dissertaion for the Doctorial Degree. Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2015

[105] Li D, Lu M, Aragaki K, Koike M, Nakagawa Y, Tomishige K. Characterization and catalytic performance of hydrotalcite-derived Ni-Cu alloy nanoparticles catalysts for steam reforming of 1-methylnaphthalene. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 192: 171–181

[106] You X, Wang X, Ma Y, Liu J, Liu W, Xu X, Peng H, Li C, Zhou W, Yuan P, Chen X. Ni-Co/Al₂O₃ bimetallic catalysts for CH₄ steam reforming: elucidating the role of Co for improving coke resistance. ChemCatChem, 2014, 6(12): 3377–3386

[107] Yoon Y, Kim H, Lee J. Enhanced catalytic behavior of Ni alloys in steam methane reforming. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 359: 450–457

[108] Ahmed T, Xiu S, Wang L, Shahbazi A. Investigation of Ni/Fe/Mg zeolite-supported catalysts in steam reforming of tar using simulated-toluene as model compound. Fuel, 2018, 211: 566–571

[109] Koike M, Li D, Watanabe H, Nakagawa Y, Tomishige K. Comparative study on steam reforming of model aromatic compounds of biomass tar over Ni and Ni-Fe alloy nanoparticles. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2015, 506: 151–162

[110] Li D, Koike M, Wang L, Nakagawa Y, Xu Y, Tomishige K. Regenerability of hydrotalcite-derived nickel–iron alloy nanoparticles for syngas production from biomass tar. ChemSusChem, 2014, 7(2): 510–522

[111] Mukai D, Murai Y, Higo T, Ogo S, Sugiura Y, Sekine Y. Effect of Pt addition to Ni/La_0.7Sr_0.3AlO_3−d catalyst on steam reforming of toluene for hydrogen production. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2014, 471: 157–164

[112] Parizotto N, Zanchet D, Rocha K, Marques C M P, Bueno J M C. The effects of Pt promotion on the oxi-reduction properties of alumina supported nickel catalysts for oxidative steam-reforming of methane: temperature-resolved XAFS analysis. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2009, 366(1): 122–129

[113] Moraes T S, Rabelo Neto R C, Ribeiro M C, Mattos L V, Kourtelesis M, Ladas S, Verykios X, Noronha F B. Ethanol conversion at low temperature over CeO₂-supported Ni-based catalysts. Effect of Pt addition to Ni catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 181: 754–768

[114] Nurunnabi M, Fujimoto K I, Suzuki K, Li B, Kado S, Kunimori K, Tomishige K. Promoting effect of noble metals addition on activity and resistance to carbon deposition in oxidative steam reforming of methane over NiO-MgO solid solution. Catalysis Communications, 2006, 7(2): 73–78

[115] Jaiswar V K, Katheria S, Deo G, Kunzru D. Effect of Pt doping on activity and stability of Ni/MgAl₂O₄ catalyst for steam reforming of methane at ambient and high pressure condition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(30): 18968–18976

[116] García-Diéguez M, Pieta I S, Herrera M C, Larrubia M A, Alemany L J. Nanostructured Pt- and Ni-based catalysts for CO₂-reforming of methane. Journal of Catalysis, 2010, 270(1): 136–145

[117] Nabgan W, Tuan Abdullah T A, Mat R, Nabgan B, Gambo Y, Triwahyono S. Influence of Ni to Co ratio supported on ZrO₂ catalysts in phenol steam reforming for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(48): 22922–22931

[118] Luo N, Ouyang K, Cao F, Xiao T. Hydrogen generation from liquid reforming of glycerin over Ni-Co bimetallic catalyst. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2010, 34(4): 489–495

[119] Zhang X, Yang C, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Shang S, Yin Y. Ni–Co catalyst derived from layered double hydroxides for dry reforming of methane. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(46): 16115–16126

[120] Cao J P, Ren J, Zhao X Y, Wei X Y, Takarada T. Effect of atmosphere on carbon deposition of Ni/Al₂O₃ and Ni-loaded on lignite char during reforming of toluene as a biomass tar model compound. Fuel, 2018, 217: 515–521

[121] Park S Y, Oh G, Kim K, Seo M W, Ra H W, Mun T Y, Lee J G, Yoon S J. Deactivation characteristics of Ni and Ru catalysts in tar steam reforming. Renewable Energy, 2017, 105: 76–83

[122] Liu X, Yang X, Liu C, Chen P, Yue X, Zhang S. Low-temperature catalytic steam reforming of toluene over activated carbon supported nickel catalysts. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2016, 65: 233–241

[123] Valle B, Aramburu B, Remiro A, Bilbao J, Gayubo A G. Effect of calcination/reduction conditions of Ni/La₂O₃-αAl₂O₃ catalyst on its activity and stability for hydrogen production by steam reforming of raw bio-oil/ethanol. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 147: 402–410

[124] Boukha Z, Jiménez-González C, de Rivas B, González-Velasco J R, Gutiárrez-Ortiz J I, López-Fonseca R. Synthesis, characterisation and performance evaluation of spinel-derived Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts for various methane reforming reactions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 158–159: 190–201

[125] Meng J, Wang X, Zhao Z, Wu X, Zheng A, Wei G, Huang Z, Li H. A highly carbon-resistant olivine thermally fused with metallic nickel catalyst for steam reforming of biomass tar model compound. RSC Advances, 2017, 7(62): 39160–39171

[126] Cárdenas-Espinosa D C, Vargas J C. Influence of the preparation conditions of Ca doped Ni/olivine catalysts on the improvement of gas quality produced by biomass gasification. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2010, 175: 385–388

[127] Courson C, Udron L, Świerczyński D, Kiennemann A. Hydrogen production from biomass gasification on nickel catalysts: tests for dry reforming of methane. Catalysis Today, 2002, 76(1): 75–86

[128] Cui D, Liu J, Yu J, Yue J, Su F, Xu G. Necessity of moderate metal-support interaction in Ni/Al₂O₃ for syngas methanation at high temperatures. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(14): 10187–10196

[129] Pandey D, Deo G. Effect of support on the catalytic activity of supported Ni-Fe catalysts for the CO₂ methanation reaction. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016, 33: 99–107

[130] Villoria J A, Mota N, Al-Sayari S, Alvarez-Galvan M C, Navarro R M, Luis Garcia Fierro J. Perovskites as catalysts in the reforming of hydrocarbons: a review. Micro and Nanosystems, 2012, 4(3): 231–252

[131] Lian J, Fang X, Liu W, Huang Q, Sun Q, Wang H, Wang X, Zhou W. Ni supported on LaFeO₃ perovskites for methane steam reforming: on the promotional effects of plasma treatment in H₂-Ar atmosphere. Topics in Catalysis, 2017, 60(12–14): 831–842

[132] Aman D, Radwan D, Ebaid M, Mikhail S, van Steen E. Comparing nickel and cobalt perovskites for steam reforming of glycerol. Molecular Catalysis, 2018, 452: 60–67

[133] Quitete C P, Manfro R L, Souza M M. Perovskite-based catalysts for tar removal by steam reforming: effect of the presence of hydrogen sulfide. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(15): 9873–9880

[134] Rapagná S, Provendier H, Petit C, Kiennemann A, Foscolo P U. Development of catalysts suitable for hydrogen or syn-gas production from biomass gasification. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 22(5): 377–388

[135] Oemar U, Ang P S, Hidajat K, Kawi S. Promotional effect of Fe on perovskite LaNi_xFe_1−xO₃ catalyst for hydrogen production via steam reforming of toluene. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(14): 5525–5534

[136] Qi Y, Cheng Z, Zhou Z. Steam reforming of methane over ni catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite-type precursors: catalytic activity and reaction kinetics. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2015, 23(1): 76–85

[137] Noor T. Sorption enhanced high temperature water gas shift reaction: materials and catalysis. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2013

[138] Mitran G, Mieritz D G, Seo D K. Hydrotalcites with vanadium, effective catalysts for steam reforming of toluene. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(34): 21732–21740

[139] Nguyen-Thanh D, Duarte de Farias A M, Fraga M A. Characterization and activity of vanadia-promoted Pt/ZrO₂ catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction. Catalysis Today, 2008, 138(3–4): 235–238

[140] Ballarini N, Battisti A, Cavani F, Cericola A, Lucarelli C, Racioppi S, Arpentinier P. The oxygen-assisted transformation of propane to CO_x/H₂ through combined oxidation and wgs reactions catalyzed by vanadium oxide-based catalysts. Catalysis Today, 2006, 116(3): 313–323

[141] Kokumai T M, Cantane D A, Melo G T, Paulucci L B, Zanchet D. VO_x-Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for hydrogen production. Catalysis Today, 2017, 289: 249–257

[142] Labhasetwar N, Saravanan G, Kumar Megarajan S, Manwar N, Khobragade R, Doggali P, Grasset F. Perovskite-type catalytic materials for environmental applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2015, 16(3): 036002

[143] Yousaf B. Hydrotalcite based ni-co bi-metallic catalysts for steam reforming of methane. NTNU, 2016

[144] Higo T, Hashimoto T, Mukai D, Nagatake S, Ogo S, Sugiura Y, Sekine Y. Effect of hydrocarbon structure on steam reforming over Ni/perovskite catalyst. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 2015, 58(2): 86–96

[145] Zarei Senseni A, Seyed Fattahi S M, Rezaei M, Meshkani F. A comparative study of experimental investigation and response surface optimization of steam reforming of glycerol over nickel nano-catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(24): 10178–10192

[146] Gil M V, Fermoso J, Rubiera F, Chen D. H₂ production by sorption enhanced steam reforming of biomass-derived bio-oil in a fluidized bed reactor: an assessment of the effect of operation variables using response surface methodology. Catalysis Today, 2015, 242: 19–34

[147] Huang C, Xu C, Wang B, Hu X, Li J, Liu J, Liu J, Li C. High production of syngas from catalytic steam reforming of biomass glycerol in the presence of methane. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2018, 119: 173–178

[148] Zhang C, Hu X, Yu Z, Zhang Z, Chen G, Li C, Liu Q, Xiang J, Wang Y, Hu S. Steam reforming of acetic acid for hydrogen production over attapulgite and alumina supported Ni catalysts: impacts of properties of supports on catalytic behaviors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(11): 5230–5244

[149] Jess A. Catalytic upgrading of tarry fuel gases: a kinetic study with model components. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 1996, 35(6): 487–494

[150] Quitete C P, Souza M M. Application of brazilian dolomites and mixed oxides as catalysts in tar removal system. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2017, 536: 1–8

[151] Pant K K, Jain R, Jain S. Renewable hydrogen production by steam reforming of glycerol over Ni/CeO₂ catalyst prepared by precipitation deposition method. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2011, 28(9): 1859–1866

[152] Kimura T, Miyazawa T, Nishikawa J, Kado S, Okumura K, Miyao T, Naito S, Kunimori K, Tomishige K. Development of Ni catalysts for tar removal by steam gasification of biomass. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2006, 68(3–4): 160–170

[153] Jeon J, Nam S, Ko C H. Rapid evaluation of coke resistance in catalysts for methane reforming using low steam-to-carbon ratio. Catalysis Today, 2018, 309: 140–146

[154] Li Q, Wang Q, Kayamori A, Zhang J. Experimental study and modeling of heavy tar steam reforming. Fuel Processing Technology, 2018, 178: 180–188

[155] Tao J, Zhao L, Dong C, Lu Q, Du X, Dahlquist E. Catalytic steam reforming of toluene as a model compound of biomass gasification tar using Ni-CeO₂/SBA-15 catalysts. Energies, 2013, 6(7): 3284–3296

[156] Gao N, Wang X, Li A, Wu C, Yin Z. Hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of benzene as tar model compound of biomass gasification. Fuel Processing Technology, 2016, 148: 380–387

[157] Gao N, Liu S, Han Y, Xing C, Li A. Steam reforming of biomass tar for hydrogen production over NiO/ceramic foam catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(25): 7983–7990

[158] Zhang R, Wang H, Hou X. Catalytic reforming of toluene as tar model compound: effect of Ce and Ce-Mg promoter using Ni/olivine catalyst. Chemosphere, 2014, 97: 40–46

[159] Liang T, Wang Y, Chen M, Yang Z, Liu S, Zhou Z, Li X. Steam reforming of phenol-ethanol to produce hydrogen over bimetallic NiCu catalysts supported on sepiolite. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(47): 28233–28246

[160] Italiano C, Luchters N T J, Pino L, Fletcher J V, Specchia S, Fletcher J C Q, Vita A. High specific surface area supports for highly active Rh catalysts: syngas production from methane at high space velocity. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(26): 11755–11765

[161] Compagnoni M, Tripodi A, Rossetti I. Parametric study and kinetic testing for ethanol steam reforming. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 203: 899–909

[162] Pashchenko D. Numerical study of steam methane reforming over a pre-heated Ni-based catalyst with detailed fluid dynamics. Fuel, 2019, 236: 686–694

[163] Kim S, Chun D, Rhim Y, Lim J, Kim S, Choi H, Lee S, Yoo J. Catalytic reforming of toluene using a nickel ion-exchanged coal catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(35): 11855–11862

[164] Chen G, Tao J, Liu C, Yan B, Li W, Li X. Hydrogen production via acetic acid steam reforming: a critical review on catalysts. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 79: 1091–1098

[165] Lange J P. Catalysis for biorefineries-performance criteria for industrial operation. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2016, 6(13): 4759–4767

[166] Hashemnejad S M, Parvari M. Deactivation and regeneration of nickel-based catalysts for steam-methane reforming. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 32(1–2): 273–279

[167] Argyle M, Bartholomew C. Heterogeneous catalyst deactivation and regeneration: a review. Catalysts, 2015, 5(1): 145–269

[168] Trimm D L. Catalysts for the control of coking during steam reforming. Catalysis Today, 1999, 49(1–3): 3–10

[169] Kathiraser Y, Ashok J, Kawi S. Synthesis and evaluation of highly dispersed SBA-15 supported Ni-Fe bimetallic catalysts for steam reforming of biomass derived tar reaction. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2016, 6(12): 4327–4336

[170] Iida H, Fujiyama A, Igarashi A, Okumura K. Steam reforming of toluene over Ru/SrCo₃-Al₂O₃ catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology, 2017, 168: 50–57

[171] Oemar U, Ang M L, Hidajat K, Kawi S. Enhancing performance of Ni/La₂O₃ catalyst by Sr-modification for steam reforming of toluene as model compound of biomass tar. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(23): 17834–17842

[172] Broda M, Kierzkowska A M, Müller C R. Sorbent-enhanced steam methane reforming reaction studied over a Ca-based CO₂ sorbent and Ni catalyst. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2013, 36(9): 1496–1502

[173] Quitete C P, Bittencourt R C P, Souza M M. Steam reforming of tar using toluene as a model compound with nickel catalysts supported on hexaaluminates. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2014, 478: 234–240

[174] Dou X, Veksha A, Chan W P, Oh W D, Liang Y N, Teoh F, Mohamed D K B, Giannis A, Lisak G, Lim T T. Poisoning effect of H₂S and HCl on the naphthalene steam reforming and water-gas shift activities of Ni and Fe catalysts. Fuel, 2019, 241: 1008–1018

[175] Ashok J, Das S, Dewangan N, kawi S. H₂S and NO_x tolerance capability of CeO₂ doped La_1−xCe₂Co_0.5Ti_0.5O_3–δ perovskites for steam reforming of biomass tar model reaction. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 2019, 1: 100003

[176] Veksha A, Giannis A, Oh W D, Chang V W C, Lisak G, Lim T T. Catalytic activities and resistance to HCl poisoning of Ni-based catalysts during steam reforming of naphthalene. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2018, 557: 25–38

[177] Xu C C, Donald J, Byambajav E, Ohtsuka Y. Recent advances in catalysts for hot-gas removal of tar and NH₃ from biomass gasification. Fuel, 2010, 89(8): 1784–1795

[178] Stemmler M, Müller M. Chemical hot gas cleaning concept for the “chrisgas” process. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, 35: S105–S115

[179] Torres W, Pansare S S, Goodwin J G Jr. Hot gas removal of tars, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide from biomass gasification gas. Catalysis Reviews, 2007, 49(4): 407–456

[180] Garbarino G, Lagazzo A, Riani P, Busca G. Steam reforming of ethanol–phenol mixture on Ni/Al₂O₃: effect of Ni loading and sulphur deactivation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2013, 129: 460–472

[181] Zuber C, Hochenauer C, Kienberger T. Test of a hydrodesulfurization catalyst in a biomass tar removal process with catalytic steam reforming. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 156–157: 62–71

[182] Li C, Hirabayashi D, Suzuki K. A crucial role of O²⁻ and O²²⁻ on mayenite structure for biomass tar steam reforming over Ni/Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2009, 88(3–4): 351–360

[183] Savuto E, Navarro R, Mota N, Di Carlo A, Bocci E, Carlini M, Fierro J L G. Steam reforming of tar model compounds over Ni/mayenite catalysts: effect of Ce addition. Fuel, 2018, 224: 676–686

[184] Mawdsley J R, Krause T R. Rare earth-first-row transition metal perovskites as catalysts for the autothermal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels to generate hydrogen. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2008, 334(1–2): 311–320

[185] Hepola J, Simell P. Sulphur poisoning of nickel-based hot gas cleaning catalysts in synthetic gasification gas: I. Effect of different process parameters. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 1997, 14(3–4): 287–303

[186] Avasthi K S, Reddy R N, Patel S. Challenges in the production of hydrogen from glycerol-a biodiesel byproduct via steam reforming process. Procedia Engineering, 2013, 51: 423–429

[187] Schwengber C A, Alves H J, Schaffner R A, da Silva F A, Sequinel R, Bach V R, Ferracin R J. Overview of glycerol reforming for hydrogen production. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 58: 259–266

[188] Chapin D, Kiffer S, Nestell J. The very high temperature reactor: a technical summary. Alexandria. VA: MPR Associates Inc., 2004

[189] Compagne P A. Multi-tubular steam reformer and process for catalytic steam reforming of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock. 2014, US Patent Application: 14/008,906

[190] Patra A. Oxide dispersion strengthened high temperature alloys. Journal of Masterials Science and Nanomaterials, 2017, 1(1): e101

[191] Karim A, Bravo J, Gorm D, Conant T, Datye A. Comparison of wall-coated and packed-bed reactors for steam reforming of methanol. Catalysis Today, 2005, 110(1–2): 86–91

[192] Kundu A, Park J, Ahn J, Park S S, Shul Y G, Han H S. Micro-channel reactor for steam reforming of methanol. Fuel, 2007, 86(9): 1331–1336

[193] Iulianelli A, Ribeirinha P, Mendes A, Basile A. Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen generation via conventional and membrane reactors: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 29: 355–368

[194] Alauddin Z A B Z, Lahijani P, Mohammadi M, Mohamed A R. Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass in fluidized beds for renewable energy development: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(9): 2852–2862

[195] Nam H, Wang Z, Shanmugam S R, Adhikari S, Abdoulmoumine N. Chemical looping dry reforming of benzene as a gasification tar model compound with Ni-and Fe-based oxygen carriers in a fluidized bed reactor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(41): 18790–18800

[196] Bassano C, Deiana P. Carbon dioxide reforming of tar during biomass gasification. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2014, 37: 97–102

[197] Abou Rached J, Cesario M R, Estephane J, Tidahy H L, Gennequin C, Aouad S, Aboukaïs A, Abi-Aad E. Effects of cerium and lanthanum on Ni-based catalysts for CO₂ reforming of toluene. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2018, 6(4): 4743–4754

[198] Bao X, Kong M, Lu W, Fei J, Zheng X. Performance of Co/MgO catalyst for CO₂ reforming of toluene as a model compound of tar derived from biomass gasification. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2014, 23(6): 795–800

[199] Jang W J, Shim J O, Kim H M, Yoo S Y, Roh H S. A review on dry reforming of methane in aspect of catalytic properties. Catalysis Today, 2019, 34: 15–26

[200] Rostrupnielsen J, Hansen J B. CO₂-reforming of methane over transition metals. Journal of Catalysis, 1993, 144(1): 38–49

[201] Yu X, Wang N, Chu W, Liu M. Carbon dioxide reforming of methane for syngas production over la-promoted NiMgAl catalysts derived from hydrotalcites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2012, 209: 623–632

[202] Wang Z, Oemar U, Ang M L, Kawi S. Oxidative steam reforming of biomass tar model compound via catalytic BaBi_0.05Co_0.8-Nb_0.15O_3−d hollow fiber membrane reactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2016, 510: 417–425

[203] Mendiara T, Johansen J M, Utrilla R, Geraldo P, Jensen A D, Glarborg P. Evaluation of different oxygen carriers for biomass tar reforming (I): carbon deposition in experiments with toluene. Fuel, 2011, 90(3): 1049–1060

[204] Sengodan S, Lan R, Humphreys J, Du D, Xu W, Wang H, Tao S. Advances in reforming and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons for hydrogen production and fuel cell applications. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 82: 761–780

[205] Kolb G. Fuel processing: for fuel cells. Platinum Metals Review, 2008, 53(3): 172–173

[206] Lin Y C. Catalytic valorization of glycerol to hydrogen and syngas. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(6): 2678–2700

[207] Nabgan W, Tuan Abdullah T A, Mat R, Nabgan B, Gambo Y, Ibrahim M, Ahmad A, Jalil A A, Triwahyono S, Saeh I. Renewable hydrogen production from bio-oil derivative via catalytic steam reforming: an overview. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 79: 347–357

[208] Di Giuliano A, Gallucci K. Sorption enhanced steam methane reforming based on nickel and calcium looping: a review. Chemical Engineering and Processing–Process Intensification, 2018, 130: 240–252

[209] Xie H, Yu Q, Lu H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Qin Q. Thermodynamic study for hydrogen production from bio-oil via sorption-enhanced steam reforming: comparison with conventional steam reforming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(48): 28718–28731

[210] Di Giuliano A, Giancaterino F, Courson C, Foscolo P U, Gallucci K. Development of a Ni-CaO-mayenite combined sorbent-catalyst material for multicycle sorption enhanced steam methane reforming. Fuel, 2018, 234: 687–699

[211] Wassie S A, Medrano J A, Zaabout A, Cloete S, Melendez J, Tanaka D A P, Amini S, van Sint Annaland M, Gallucci F. Hydrogen production with integrated CO₂ capture in a membrane assisted gas switching reforming reactor: proof-of-concept. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(12): 6177–6190

[212] Dou B, Wang C, Song Y, Chen H, Jiang B, Yang M, Xu Y. Solid sorbents for in-situ CO₂ removal during sorption-enhanced steam reforming process: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 53: 536–546

[213] Zhang L, Hu X, Hu K, Hu C, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Hu S, Xiang J, Wang Y, Zhang S. Progress in the reforming of bio-oil derived carboxylic acids for hydrogen generation. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 403: 137–156

[214] Liu Y, Goeltl F, Ro I, Ball M R, Sener C, Aragão I B, Zanchet D, Huber G W, Mavrikakis M, Dumesic J A. Synthesis gas conversion over Rh-based catalysts promoted by Fe and Mn. ACS Catalysis, 2017, 7(7): 4550–4563

[215] Sharma Y C, Kumar A, Prasad R, Upadhyay S N. Ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen production: latest and effective catalyst modification strategies to minimize carbonaceous deactivation. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 74: 89–103

[216] Sinaei Nobandegani M, Sardashti Birjandi M R, Darbandi T, Khalilipour M M, Shahraki F, Mohebbi-Kalhori D. An industrial steam methane reformer optimization using response surface methodology. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2016, 36: 540–549

[217] Lior N. Quantifying sustainability for energy development. Energy Bull, 2015, 19: 8–24

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the University Teknologi Malaysia through Research University Grant (GUP Tier 1: 20H52) and by the Universiti Malaysia Perlis through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS 9003-00764).

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2020 Higher Education Press