Pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of synchrophasor measurement units in smart power grids

Abstract

Conventional power grids across the globe are reforming to smart power grids with cutting edge technologies in real time monitoring and control methods. Advanced real time monitoring is facilitated by incorporating synchrophasor measurement units such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) to the power grid monitoring system. Several physical and economic constraints limit the deployment of PMUs in smart power grids. This paper proposes a pragmatic multi-stage simulated annealing (PMSSA) methodology for finding the optimal locations in the smart power grid for installing PMUs in conjunction with existing conventional measurement units (CMUs) to achieve a complete observability of the grid. The proposed PMSSA is much faster than the conventional simulated annealing (SA) approach as it utilizes controlled uphill and downhill movements during various stages of optimization. Moreover, the method of integrating practical phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement conditions like PMU channel limits and redundant placement can be easily handled. The efficacy of the proposed methodology has been validated through simulation studies in IEEE standard bus systems and practical regional Indian power grids.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

phasor measurement units (PMUs) / pragmatic PMU placement / simulated annealing (SA) / western region Indian power grid (WRIPG)

References

[1] Gopakumar P, Jaya Bharata Reddy M, Mohanta D K. Stability concerns in smart grid with emerging renewable energy technologies. Electric Power Components and Systems, 2014, 42(3–4): 418–425

[2] Thorp J S, Phadke G, Karimi K J. Real time voltage phasor measurements for static state estimation. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1985, PAS-104(11): 3098–3106

[3] Jaya Bharata Reddy M, Venkata Rajesh D, Gopakumar P, Mohanta D K. Smart fault location for smart grid operation using a remote telemetry unit (RTU) and computational intelligence techniques. IEEE Systems Journal, 2014, 8(4): 1260–1271

[4] Rice M, Heydt G T. Phasor measurement unit data in power system state estimation. 2005-01

[5] Bertsch J, Carnal C, Karlson D, McDaniel J, Vu K. Wide-area protection and power system utilization. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2005, 93(5): 997–1003

[6] Zivanovic R, Cairns C. Implementation of PMU technology in state estimation: an overview. Proceedings of IEEE AFRICON, 1996, 2: 1006–1011

[7] Manousakis N M, Korres G N, Georgilakis P S. Taxonomy of PMU placement methodologies. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012, 27(2): 1070–1077

[8] Baldwin T L, Mili L, Boisen M B, Adapa R. Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1993, 8(2): 707–715

[9] Nuqui R F, Phadke A G. Phasor measurement unit placement techniques for complete and incomplete observability. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2005, 20(4): 2381–2388

[10] Milosevic B, Begovic M. Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm for optimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2003, 18(1): 69–75

[11] Gou B. Generalized integer linear programming formulation for optimal PMU placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(3): 1099–1104

[12] Mohammadi-Ivatloo B. Optimal placement of PMUs for power system observability using topology based formulated algorithms. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2009, 9(13): 2463–2468

[13] Baldwin T L, Mili L, Boisen M B, Adapa R. Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1993, 8(2): 707–715

[14] Dua D, Dambhare S, Gajbhiye R K, Soman S A. Optimal multistage scheduling of PMU placement: an ILP approach. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2008, 23(4): 1812–1820

[15] Chen J, Abur A. Placement of PMUs to enable bad data detection in state estimation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2006, 21(4): 1608–1615

[16] Aminifar F, Khodaei A, Fotuhi-Firuzabad M, Shahidehpour M. Contingency-constrained PMU placement in power networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2010, 25(1): 516–523

[17] Kavasseri R, Srinivasan S K. Joint placement of phasor and power flow measurements for observability of power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2011, 26(4): 1929–1936

[18] Chakrabarti S, Kyriakides E. Optimal placement of phasor measurement units for power system observability. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(3): 1433–1440

[19] Gopakumar P, Jaya Bharata Reddy M, Mohanta D K. Novel multi-stage simulated annealing for optimal placement of PMUs in conjunction with conventional measurements. In: Proceedings of IEEE Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC). Wroclaw, 2013, 248–252

[20] Gopakumar P, Surya Chandra G, Jaya Bharata Reddy M, Mohanta D K. Optimal placement of PMUs for the smart grid implementation in Indian power grid—a case study. Frontiers in Energy, 2013, 7(3): 358–372

[21] Gopakumar P, Surya Chandra G, Jaya Bharata Reddy M, Mohanta D K. Optimal redundant placement of PMUs in Indian power grid—northern, eastern and north-eastern regions. Frontiers in Energy, 2013, 7(4): 413–428

[22] Western Region Load Despatch Center, Power Grid Corporation Ltd. Govt. of India. Company overview. 2014-12

[23] Southern Region Load Despatch Center, Power Grid Corporation Ltd. Govt. of India. Company overview. 2014-12

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg