Discrimination capacity analysis of FTIR-PCA and EEM-PARAFAC on dandelion tissues extracts

Abstract

Dandelion root contains triterpenoids, polyphenols and flavonoids, dandelion leaf is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonoids glycosides, and dandelion flower mainly contains flavonoids, among other substances. These different substance content leads to specific benefits and function effects of each part. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and related multivariate statistical methods are widely used to determine sample characteristics, but limited research focuses on the substance difference and characteristics in dandelion tissues. In this paper, Fourier transform infrared spectra-principal component analysis and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor analysis were conveyed to analyze dandelion stem, leaf, root and flower tissue extracts, for determining the substance species and content difference among dandelion tissues and evaluating the discrimination capacity of these analysis methods. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of root was distinct from others, and the two principal component models could distinguish dandelion stem and flower, but failed to differentiate leaf and root; while the excitation and emission matrix showed that stem and flower, leaf and root had similar intensity band distribution but different fluorescence intensity, and the parallel factor analysis results proved that one- and three-component models cannot differentiate the tissues of stem and flower, leaf and root, since the fluorescent compounds (polyphenol, flavonoid etc.) structure and content were similar in different tissues. These results indicated that Fourier transform infrared-principal component analysis might be a useful method when various fluorescent compounds exist.

Keywords

Dandelion tissue / Fourier transform infrared / Principal component analysis / Excitation emission matrix / Parallel factor analysis

References

[1] González-Castejón M, Visioli F, Rodriguez-Casado A. Diverse biological activities of dandelion Nutrition Reviews. 2012, 70, 534-47

[2] Law SK, Lo C, Han J, Chuanshan X, Leung A. Traditional Chinese herbal, "Dandelion" and its applications on skin-care Traditional and Integrative Medicine. 2021, 6, 152-57

[3] Menke K, Schwermer M, Felenda J, Beckmann C, Stintzing F, et al. Taraxacum officinale extract shows antitumor effects on pediatric cancer cells and enhance mistletoe therapy Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2018, 40, 158-64

[4] Park S, Kim DS, Wu X, Yi QJ. Mulberry and dandelion water extracts prevent alcohol-induced steatosis with alleviating gut microbiome dysbiosis Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2018, 243, 882-94

[5] Xue Y, Zhang S, Du M, Zhu MJ. Dandelion extract suppresses reactive oxidative species and inflammasome in intestinal epithelial cells Journal of Functional Foods. 2017, 29, 10-18

[6] Mahboubi M, Mahboubi M. Hepatoprotection by dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale) and mechanisms Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2020, 10, 1-10

[7] Williams CA, Goldstone F, Greenham J. Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins from the different tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum officinale Phytochemistry. 1996, 42, 121-27

[8] Domitrović R, Jakovac H, Romić Ž, Rahelić D, Tadić Ž. Antifibrotic activity of Taraxacum officinale root in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010, 130, 569-77

[9] Yarnell E, Abascal K. Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale and T mongolicum) Integrative Medicine. 2009, 8, 35-38

[10] Hu C. Taraxacum: Phytochemistry and health benefits Chinese Herbal Medicines. 2018, 10, 353-61

[11] Jia XX, Li S, Han DP, Chen RP, Yao ZY, et al. Development and perspectives of rapid detection technology in food and environment Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2022, 62, 4706-25

[12] Sainani KL. Introduction to principal components analysis PM& R. 2014, 6, 275-78

[13] Carrascal LM, Galván I, Gordo O. Partial least squares regression as an alternative to current regression methods used in ecology Oikos. 2009, 118, 681-90

[14] Abbas O, Zadravec M, Baeten V, Mikuš T, Lešić T, et al. Analytical methods used for the authentication of food of animal origin Food Chemistry. 2018, 246, 6-17

[15] Jamwal R, Amit, Kumari S, Sharma S, Kelly S, et al. Recent trends in the use of FTIR spectroscopy integrated with chemometrics for the detection of edible oil adulteration Vibrational Spectroscopy. 2021, 113, 103222

[16] Måge I, Böcker U, Wubshet SG, Lindberg D, Afseth NK. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) fingerprinting for quality assessment of protein hydrolysates LWT. 2021, 152, 112339

[17] Sazonova S, Grube M, Shvirksts K, Galoburda R, Gramatina I. FTIR spectroscopy studies of high pressure-induced changes in pork macromolecular structure Journal of Molecular Structure. 2019, 1186, 377-83

[18] Vera M, Cruz S, Boleda MR, Mesa J, Martín-Alonso J, et al. Fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis as a dissolved organic monitoring tool to assess treatment performance in drinking water trains Science of The Total Environment. 2017, 584-585, 1212-20

[19] Bro R, Vidal M. EEMizer: Automated modeling of fluorescence EEM data Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 2011, 106, 86-92

[20] He XS, Fan QD. Investigating the effect of landfill leachates on the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in groundwater using excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectra coupled with fluorescence regional integration and self-organizing map Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016, 23, 21229-37

[21] Callejón RM, Amigo JM, Pairo E, Garmón S, Ocaña JA, et al. Classification of Sherry vinegars by combining multidimensional fluorescence, parafac and different classification approaches Talanta. 2012, 88, 456-62

[22] Pan Z, Li RH, Cui YY, Wu XJ, Zhang YY, et al. A simple and quick method to detect adulterated sesame oil using 3D fluorescence spectra Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2021, 245, 118948

[23] Wu P, Ben T, Zou H, Chen Y. PARAFAC modeling of dandelion phenolic compound fluorescence relation to antioxidant properties Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2022, 16, 2811-19

[24] Mohsin GF, Schmitt FJ, Kanzler C, Hoehl A, Hornemann A. PCA-based identification and differentiation of FTIR data from model melanoidins with specific molecular compositions Food Chemistry. 2019, 281, 106-13

[26] Bro R. PARAFAC. Tutorial and applications Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 1997, 38, 149-71

[27] Harshman RA, Lundy ME. PARAFAC: Parallel factor analysis Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 1994, 18, 39-72

[28] Durak T, Depciuch J. Effect of plant sample preparation and measuring methods on ATR-FTIR spectra results Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2020, 169, 103915

[29] Lever J, Krzywinski M, Altman N. Principal component analysis Nature Methods. 2017, 14, 641-42

[30] Murphy KR, Stedmon CA, Graeber D, Bro R. Fluorescence spectroscopy and multi-way techniques. PARAFAC Analytical Methods. 2013, 5, 6557-66

[31] Murphy KR, Stedmon CA, Wenig P, Bro R. OpenFluor - an online spectral library of auto-fluorescence by organic compounds in the environment Analytical Methods. 2014, 6, 658-61

[32] Walker SA, Amon RMW, Stedmon C, Duan S, Louchouarn P. The use of PARAFAC modeling to trace terrestrial dissolved organic matter and fingerprint water masses in coastal Canadian Arctic surface waters Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2009, 114, G00F06

This work was supported by funding: 'Innovation Project of Shandong Province Agricultural Application Technology', No 2130106.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2023 Editorial Office of Food Innovation and Advances