Optimal 24-hour activity recommendations for preschool children based on executive function, fundamental movement skills and physical fitness

Abstract

Objective To identify optimal 24-hour movement behavior recommendations for preschool children using the Best Time Zone approach, based on executive function (EF), fundamental movement skills (FMS), and physical fitness (PF). Methods Using convenience sampling, 409 children aged 3 - 6 years were recruited from four kindergartens in Zhejiang Province between April and June 2024, of whom 289 provided valid data. Waking-time physical activity was measured objectively using accelerometers and classified into sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Sleep duration was obtained from the parent-reported Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). FMS were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3), PF was evaluated according to the National Physical Fitness Test Manual (Children's Section), and EF was measured using the Early Years Toolbox (EYT). Compositional data regression models were used to examine associations between 24-hour movement compositions and outcomes. Activity compositions corresponding to the top 10% of predicted outcome values were selected, visualized using a three-dimensional quaternary plot, and the overlap across EF, FMS, and PF was defined as the optimal time zone for overall health. Results The mean age was 5.17 ± 0.77 years. The 24-hour movement composition was significantly associated with EF (F=5.47, P<0.01), FMS (F=6.96, P<0.001), and PF (F=4.96, P<0.01). The optimal 24-hour movement recommendations for overall health were: MVPA 111 min/d (90-130), LPA 46 min/d (30-60), SB 683 min/d (570-780), and sleep 601 min/d (470-700). An online interactive tool was developed to provide personalized time-use suggestions based on weighted health priorities. Conclusion These findings propose optimal 24-hour movement behavior recommendations for preschool children based on EF, FMS, and PF, and may inform daily time-use planning and future guideline updates.

Keywords

optimal time zone / preschool children / 24-hour activity / physical fitness / executive function / fundamental movement skills