Microplastics in the Arctic: a critical review of transport pathways, climate feedbacks, and governance frameworks

Abstract

Microplastic (MP) pollution in the Arctic has recently attracted increasing attention; however, only a few studies have reported on this topic. Herein, we review the distribution, transport mechanisms, and major sources of MPs in the Arctic aquatic environment. We found that microfibers are the dominant MPs in the Arctic, and their main sources are atmospheric transport, ocean currents, and local human activities. Furthermore, MPs are widespread in the Arctic and have infiltrated the food web, posing risks to ecosystem stability. In addition, MPs may affect the climate system through several pathways, such as reducing the albedo of ice and snow, releasing greenhouse gases, disrupting the carbon pump, and altering atmospheric processes. Given the unique environmental conditions of the Arctic, we summarize suitable monitoring methods for multiple media and highlight key quality-control measures. We also evaluate the applicability and limitations of existing regulations and policies. This study calls for enhanced scientific monitoring, policy development, and international collaboration to curb the growing MP pollution in the Arctic. There is an urgent need for a systematic governance framework for MP pollution in the Arctic to address the associated environmental and climate risks.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Microplastics / Arctic / Climate change / Transport / Control

Highlight

	● Fibers form 92% of Arctic MPs in snow and 73% in sea ice algae.
	● Melosira arctica holds 31000 MPs/m3, over 10 times nearby seawater.
	● MPs cut ice-snow albedo, emit GHGs, and intensify Arctic warming.
	● Arctic MP laws lack unity and need REACH-like thresholds.

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