New insights into the photocatalytic mechanism of tire wear particles: synergistic effects of surface functional components and self-releasing active factors

Abstract

Burnout-derived tire wear particles (B-TWPs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), such as tetracycline (TC), commonly coexist in aquatic systems. However, the nature of their interactions is complex and poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the synergistic effects of surface functional components and spontaneously released active factors from TWPs on the photodegradation of TC. Notably, B-TWPs significantly enhanced the transformation of TC, increasing the apparent degradation efficiency from 5.67% (blank) to 19.52% (B-TWPs) and 22.98% with aged B-TWPs (AB-TWPs). During photoaging, TWPs exhibited photo-oxidative characteristics, with the hydroxyl index (HI) increasing from 1.032 to 5.453. Aging also enhanced the release of transition metal ions (e.g., Zn: 0.36419 mg/L, Fe: 0.08515 mg/L) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Electrochemical tests revealed that the increased current density of aged TWPs enhanced their redox capacity, enabling them to function as efficient photosensitizers and electron donors to promote ROS (•OH, O₂^•−) generation. Sankey analysis attributed 33% and 14% of pollutant degradation to TWPs oxygenated groups and self-released DOM, respectively. Antibacterial tests demonstrated that AB-TWPs significantly reduced the antibacterial activity of TC against E. coli and S. aureus, with inhibition zone diameters decreasing to 22.3 and 12.7 mm, respectively. The reduction in toxicity was synchronized with total organic carbon removal, indicating deep degradation and mineralization of TC. This study unveils novel insights into TWPs environmental behavior and their photocatalytic mechanisms for TC attenuation.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Tire wear particles / Burnout / Light aging / Reactive oxygen species / Tetracycline

Highlight

	● Aged tire wear particles (TWPs) enhanced tetracycline (TC) removal to 22.98%.
	● UV aging increased the hydroxyl and carbonyl indices of TWPs by 5.3 and 6.7-fold.
	● Aged TWPs released 71% more humic substances and 3.5 times more Zn2+.
	● Aged TWPs exhibited 38.5% higher electron donating capacity (EDC).
	● Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metals boosted TC degradation rate to 4.6-fold.

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