The current understanding of atmospheric new particle growth

Abstract

Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) and subsequent particle growth (new particle growth, NPG) are key processes controlling atmospheric aerosol populations. The growth rate of newly formed clusters determines whether they can reach tens to hundreds of nanometers, thereby influencing climate and regional air quality. This review synthesizes current understanding of NPG mechanisms, measurements, and environmental impacts. Condensational growth driven by a complex mixture of low-volatility species, including sulfuric acid, ammonia, amines, nitric acid, iodine oxoacids, and oxidized organic molecules (OOMs) from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors, represents the dominant growth pathway, while intra- and intermodal coagulation additionally contributes to apparent growth rates. In recent years, extensive quantitative studies have been conducted globally regarding the elevation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and particulate matter mass concentration following NPG, forming a preliminary statistical understanding. However, long-term observational sites remain scarce, which is difficult to meet the needs of model validation. Despite substantial progress, major uncertainties remain in quantifying growth pathways and their interactions, underscoring the need for integrated observational and modeling approaches to better constrain NPG impacts on air quality and climate.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

New Particle Formation (NPF) / New Particle Growth (NPG) / Sulfuric acid / Oxidized Organic Molecules (OOMs) / Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) / Air quality

Highlight

	● Persistent NPG induces severe regional haze and enhances CCN.
	● NPG is driven by coagulation, condensation, and heterogeneous processes.
	● Condensation of OOMs from VOC oxidation dominates growth of > 3 nm particles.

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