Increasing flow velocity promotes nitrification and denitrification in benthic biofilms via enhancing the diversity and potential predation behavior among multi-trophic microorganisms

Abstract

Benthic biofilms, the aggregates of multi-trophic microorganisms, play an important role in nitrogen cycling in aquatic ecosystems and are significantly influenced by flow velocity. Nevertheless, the roles of multi-trophic microbial communities in nitrogen cycling of benthic biofilms remain unclear, especially under flow velocity conditions. In this study, we investigated how low trophic level microbial communities (bacteria, fungi, and algae), primary predator (protozoa) and secondary predator (metazoan) mediate the nitrogen cycling in benthic biofilms under low (0.05 m/s) moderate (0.1 m/s) and high (0.15 m/s) flow velocity conditions. The results showed that the activities of ammonia monooxygenase, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in benthic biofilms under high flow velocity increased 26.32%, 18.66%, and 10.46%, respectively, compared with those under low flow velocity. Metagenomic sequencing analysis indicated that high flow velocity enhanced the relative abundances of functional genes involved in nitrification (amoABC) and denitrification (narG, nirK, and nirS). Compared with other trophic level microorganisms, the bacterial richness had the highest explanation (42.36%) for the variation in ammonia monooxygenase, and the variations in activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were explained 33.29% and 36.68% by protozoan richness, respectively. High richness index might promote nitrification and denitrification process via upregulating amino acid transport and metabolism, and signal transduction mechanisms.The negative cross trophic associations (potential predation activity) enhanced nitrification and denitrification by promoting microbial activity further enhancing ATPase activity and potential electron donor production. This study provides a new understanding of how multi-trophic microorganisms regulate the nitrogen cycling in benthic biofilms under increased flow velocity, which will benefit river management.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Benthic biofilms / Multi-trophic microorganisms / Flow velocity / Nitrogen cycling / Enzyme activity

Highlight

	● High flow velocity promoted nitrification and denitrification in benthic biofilms.
	● Increasing flow velocity increased the richness of multi-trophic microorganisms.
	● Increasing flow velocity enhanced negative cross-trophic associations.
	● Bacterial and protozoan richness promoted nitrification and denitrification.
	● Negative cross-trophic associations accelerated nitrification and denitrification.

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