Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment and their removal by advanced oxidation processes

Abstract

Controlling pollution from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a global challenge due to their toxicity, chemical stability and environmental persistence. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) have emerged as a promising technology for degrading these persistent contaminants. However, the distinct physicochemical properties of PFAS lead to significant differences in the efficacy and mechanisms of PS-AOPs for PFAS removal, necessitating in-depth classification studies. This review critically examines the environmental fate and accumulation patterns of PFAS, focusing on PS-AOPs as a viable remediation strategy. Key contributions include: 1) Sorting out the migration and transformation patterns of PFAS in the environment; 2) Demonstration of PS-AOP’s superiority over the advanced reduction process (ARP) for PFAS degradation; 3) A systematic analysis of recent advancements in various PS-AOPs, encompassing their mechanisms, influencing factors, and system characteristics; 4) An in-depth evaluation of how PFAS structure, particularly chain length and functional groups, affects degradation efficiency; 5) Three integrated AOPs/ARPs strategies providing actionable insights to address PFAS contamination. Collectively, this review offers actionable insights for optimizing AOPs and ARPs, with implications for advancing PFAS remediation technologies.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

PFAS / Advanced oxidation process / Affecting factors / Degradation / Mechanism

Highlight

	● Distribution of PFAS varies in different environmental media.
	● PS-AOPs demonstrate removal efficiency comparable to Sulfite-ARPs.
	● Chain length and functional groups affect the removal efficiency of PFAS.
	● Synergistic AOPs/ARPs integration enhances PFAS removal in complex environments.

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