Synergistic promotion of particulate matter reduction and production performance via adjusting electrochemical reactions in the zinc electrolysis industry

Abstract

● Electrolytic PM can be reduced by controlling operation parameters.

● The optimization conditions exist, reducing PM without deteriorating PC and CE_Zn.

● Abatement essence is to inhibit gas evolution reactions.

Heavy particulate matter (PM) pollution and high energy consumption are the bottlenecks of hydrometallurgy, especially in the electrolysis process. Therefore, an urgent need is to explore PM reduction methods with production performance co-benefits. This study presents three PM reduction methods based on controlling operating parameters, i.e., lowering electrolyte temperature, H₂SO₄ concentration, and current density of the cathode. The optimized conditions were also investigated using the response surface methodology to balance the PM reduction effect and Zn production. The results showed that lowering electrolyte temperature is the most efficient, with an 89.0% reduction in the PM generation flux (GF_PM). Reducing H₂SO₄ concentration led to the minimum side effects on the current efficiency of Zn deposition (CE_Zn) or power consumption (PC). With the premise of non-deteriorating CE_Zn and PC, GF_PM can be reduced by 86.3% at the optimal condition (electrolyte temperature = 295 K, H₂SO₄ = 110 g/L, current density = 373 A/m²). In addition, the reduction mechanism was elucidated by comprehensively analyzing bubble characteristics, electrochemical reactions, and surface tension. Results showed that lower electrolyte temperature inhibited the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and compressed gas volume. Lower H₂SO₄ concentration inhibited the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and reduced electrolyte surface tension. Lower current density inhibited both OER and HER by decreasing the reaction current. The inhibited gas evolutions reduced the microbubbles’ number and size, thereby reducing GF_PM. These results may provide energy-efficient PM reduction methods and theoretical hints of exploring cleaner PM reduction approaches for industrial electrolysis.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Zinc electrolysis / Particulate matter / Energy consumption / Operating parameters / Bubble characteristic / Electrochemical reaction

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